Abstract
Abstract A 7‐year‐long field trial was conducted on integrated nutrient management for a dry season rice (Boro)–green manure (GM)–wet season rice (T. Aman) cropping system at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute Farm, Gazipur during 1993–1999. Five packages of inorganic fertilizers, cow dung (CD), and GM dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) were evaluated for immediate and residual effect on crop productivity, nutrient uptake, soil‐nutrient balance sheet, and soil‐fertility status. Plant height, active tiller production, and grain and straw yields were significantly increased as a result of the application of inorganic fertilizer and organic manure. Usually, the soil‐test‐based (STB) fertilizer doses for a high‐yield goal produced the highest grain yield of 6.39 t ha−1 (average of 7 years) in Boro rice. Application of CD at the rate of 5 t ha−1 (oven‐dry basis) once a year at the time of Boro transplanting supplemented 50% of the fertilizer nutrients other than nitrogen (N) in the subsequent crop of the cropping pattern. A positive effect of GM on the yield of T. Aman rice was observed. Following GM, the application of reduced doses of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn) to the second crop (T. Aman) did not reduce yield, indicating the beneficial residual effect of fertilizer applied to the first crop (Boro rice) of the cropping pattern. The comparable yield of T. Aman was also observed with reduced fertilizer dose in CD‐treated plots. The total P, K, and S uptake (kg/ha/yr) in the unfertilized plot under an irrigated rice system gradually decreased over the years. The partial nutrient balance in the unfertilized plot (T1) was negative for all the nutrients. In the fertilized plots, there was an apparent positive balance of P, S, and Zn but a negative balance of N and K. This study showed that the addition of organic manure (CD, dhaincha) gave more positive balances. In the T4c treatment at 0–15 cm, the application of chemical fertilizers along with the organic manures increased soil organic carbon by (C) 0.71%. The highest concentration of total N was observed with T4c followed by T4d and T4b, where CD was applied in Boro season and dhaincha GM was incorporated in T. Aman season. The sixfold increase in soil‐available P in T4b‐, T4c‐, T4a‐treated plots was due to the addition of CD. Dhaincha GM with the combination of chemical fertilizer helps to mobilize soil‐available P by 3 to 6 ppm. The highest amount of soil‐available S was found in T4c‐ and T4a‐treated plots. It was 2.5 times higher than that of the initial soil. The application of CD and dhaincha GM along with chemical fertilizers not only increased organic C, total N, available P, and available S but also increased exchangeable K, available Zn, available iron (Fe), and available manganese (Mn) in soil.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Inorganic fertilizer and manure increased plant height and tiller production.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- application of inorganic fertilizer and organic manuree0
- Outcome
- Plant height, active tiller productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice‐Based Cropping Pattern”
e0“Plant height, active tiller production, and grain and straw yields were significantly increased as a result of the application of inorganic fertilizer and organic manure.”
Claim · model-written summary
Inorganic fertilizer and manure increased grain and straw yields.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- application of inorganic fertilizer and organic manuree0
- Outcome
- grain and straw yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice‐Based Cropping Pattern”
e0“Plant height, active tiller production, and grain and straw yields were significantly increased as a result of the application of inorganic fertilizer and organic manure.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil-test-based fertilizer usually produced the highest Boro grain yield, averaging 6.39 t ha−1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- Boro ricee0
- Treatment
- soil‐test‐based (STB) fertilizer dosese0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 6.39 t ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice‐Based Cropping Pattern”
e0“the soil‐test‐based (STB) fertilizer doses for a high‐yield goal produced the highest grain yield of 6.39 t ha−1 (average of 7 years) in Boro rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cow dung supplied half of subsequent crop fertilizer nutrients other than nitrogen.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CD at the rate of 5 t ha−1e0
- Outcome
- fertilizer nutrients other than nitrogen (N)e0
- Direction
- supplementede0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice‐Based Cropping Pattern”
e0“Application of CD at the rate of 5 t ha−1 (oven‐dry basis) once a year at the time of Boro transplanting supplemented 50% of the fertilizer nutrients other than nitrogen (N) in the subsequent crop of the cropping pattern.”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure benefited T. Aman rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GMe0
- Outcome
- yield of T. Aman ricee0
- Direction
- positivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice‐Based Cropping Pattern”
e0“A positive effect of GM on the yield of T. Aman rice was observed.”
Claim · model-written summary
Following green manure, reduced P, K, S and Zn doses did not reduce T. Aman yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- reduced doses of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn)e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice‐Based Cropping Pattern”
e0“Following GM, the application of reduced doses of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn) to the second crop (T. Aman) did not reduce yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced fertilizer doses in cow-dung plots yielded comparably.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- reduced fertilizer dose in CD‐treated plotse0
- Outcome
- yield of T. Amane0
- Direction
- comparablee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice‐Based Cropping Pattern”
e0“The comparable yield of T. Aman was also observed with reduced fertilizer dose in CD‐treated plots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Unfertilized plot P, K and S uptake declined over time.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- unfertilized plote0
- Outcome
- total P, K, and S uptakee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice‐Based Cropping Pattern”
e0“The total P, K, and S uptake (kg/ha/yr) in the unfertilized plot under an irrigated rice system gradually decreased over the years.”
Claim · model-written summary
The unfertilized plot had a negative partial nutrient balance for all nutrients.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- unfertilized plot (T1)e0
- Outcome
- partial nutrient balancee0
- Direction
- negativee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice‐Based Cropping Pattern”
e0“The partial nutrient balance in the unfertilized plot (T1) was negative for all the nutrients.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilized plots had positive P, S and Zn balances and negative N and K balances.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- fertilized plotse0
- Outcome
- positive balance of P, S, and Zn but a negative balance of N and Ke0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice‐Based Cropping Pattern”
e0“In the fertilized plots, there was an apparent positive balance of P, S, and Zn but a negative balance of N and K.”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding cow dung and dhaincha gave more positive balances.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- organic manure (CD, dhaincha)e0
- Outcome
- balancese0
- Direction
- more positivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice‐Based Cropping Pattern”
e0“the addition of organic manure (CD, dhaincha) gave more positive balances.”
Claim · model-written summary
T4c increased soil organic carbon by 0.71%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- chemical fertilizers along with the organic manurese0
- Outcome
- soil organic carbone0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.71%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice‐Based Cropping Pattern”
e0“the application of chemical fertilizers along with the organic manures increased soil organic carbon by (C) 0.71%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Total N concentration was highest in T4c, then T4d and T4b.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T4ce0
- Outcome
- concentration of total Ne0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- T4d and T4be0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice‐Based Cropping Pattern”
e0“The highest concentration of total N was observed with T4c followed by T4d and T4b”
Claim · model-written summary
Cow dung produced a sixfold rise in soil available P in T4b, T4c and T4a.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- addition of CDe0
- Outcome
- soil‐available Pe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- sixfolde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice‐Based Cropping Pattern”
e0“The sixfold increase in soil‐available P in T4b‐, T4c‐, T4a‐treated plots was due to the addition of CD.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dhaincha green manure with chemical fertilizer mobilized soil P by 3 to 6 ppm.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Dhaincha GM with the combination of chemical fertilizere0
- Outcome
- soil‐available Pe0
- Direction
- mobilizee0
- Value
- 3 to 6 ppme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice‐Based Cropping Pattern”
e0“Dhaincha GM with the combination of chemical fertilizer helps to mobilize soil‐available P by 3 to 6 ppm.”
Claim · model-written summary
Available soil S was highest in T4c and T4a, 2.5 times initial soil.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- T4c‐ and T4a‐treated plotse0
- Outcome
- soil‐available Se0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.5 timese0
- Comparator
- initial soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice‐Based Cropping Pattern”
e0“The highest amount of soil‐available S was found in T4c‐ and T4a‐treated plots. It was 2.5 times higher than that of the initial soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined manure and chemical fertilizers increased exchangeable K and available Zn, Fe and Mn.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CD and dhaincha GM along with chemical fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- exchangeable K, available Zn, available iron (Fe), and available manganese (Mn) in soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice‐Based Cropping Pattern”
e0“The application of CD and dhaincha GM along with chemical fertilizers not only increased organic C, total N, available P, and available S but also increased exchangeable K, available Zn, available iron (Fe), and available manganese (Mn) in soil.”
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