Abstract
Intensive cropping systems face significant environmental and economic challenges due to current water and nutrient management practices. This study addresses the limited research on optimizing these practices in rice-canola rotations, focusing on enhancing sustainability through improved water and nitrogen (N) management. Utilizing the DSSAT crop growth model, we evaluated three irrigation scenarios for rice- I1 (100 % irrigation requirement: IR), I2 (80 % IR), and I3 (60 % IR)-alongside three N application levels: N1 (30 % below RAN: regional average N), N2 (RAN), and N3 (30 % above RAN). Key sustainability indicators, including water productivity (WP), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and economic productivity, were analyzed. The DSSAT model demonstrated strong predictive accuracy, with yield differences of only 236 kg ha⁻¹ for rice and 121 kg ha⁻¹ for canola between observed and simulated values. A 40 % reduction in water use increased rice yield to a maximum of 5654 kg ha⁻¹ under I3N2 conditions. Additionally, this reduction in water consumption resulted in a 27 % decrease in production costs, significantly enhancing WP, net benefits, and gross benefits of rice by 46.7 %, 43.1 %, and 47.9 %, respectively. Conversely, a 30 % increase in N application for canola correlated with a 9 % yield increase, underscoring the importance of tailored N strategies. Furthermore, N3 raised WP, NUE, net benefits, and gross benefits of canola by 6.7 %, 1.4 %, 9.1 %, and 9.2 %, respectively, compared with current N application level. Overall, this study illustrates the potential for substantial water savings in rice cultivation while recommending stable or reduced N application levels. These management strategies enhance farm performance, lower production costs, and contribute to the sustainability of rice-canola cropping systems, promoting both agricultural productivity and environmental stewardship. • 30 % increase in Nitrogen fertilizer reduces yield and economic efficiency in Rice. • Reducing water use in rice cultivation increases water productivity and yield by 47 %. • Net benefit of water use in canola cultivation is 3–4 times greater than in rice. • Strong positive correlation of nitrogen uptake and grain yield in Rice and Canola.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
DSSAT rice yield differed from observations by 236 kg ha⁻¹.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Outcome
- yield differencese0
- Value
- 236 kg ha⁻¹e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield differences of only 236 kg ha⁻¹ for rice and 121 kg ha⁻¹ for canola between observed and simulated values”
Claim · model-written summary
DSSAT canola yield differed from observations by 121 kg ha⁻¹.
- Taxon
- canola
.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napus var. napuse0 - Outcome
- yield differencese0
- Value
- 121 kg ha⁻¹e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“yield differences of only 236 kg ha⁻¹ for rice and 121 kg ha⁻¹ for canola between observed and simulated values”
Claim · model-written summary
A 40% irrigation reduction raised rice yield to 5654 kg ha⁻¹ under I3N2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 40 % reduction in water usee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5654 kg ha⁻¹e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A 40 % reduction in water use increased rice yield to a maximum of 5654 kg ha⁻¹ under I3N2 conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced rice water consumption lowered production costs by 27%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- reduction in water consumptione0
- Outcome
- production costse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 27 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this reduction in water consumption resulted in a 27 % decrease in production costs”
t0“rice-canola”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced rice water use increased WP by 46.7%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- reduction in water consumptione1
- Outcome
- WPe0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- 46.7 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhancing WP, net benefits, and gross benefits of rice by 46.7 %, 43.1 %, and 47.9 %, respectively”
e1“reduction in water consumption”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced rice water use increased net benefits by 43.1%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- reduction in water consumptione1
- Outcome
- net benefitse0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- 43.1 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhancing WP, net benefits, and gross benefits of rice by 46.7 %, 43.1 %, and 47.9 %, respectively”
e1“reduction in water consumption”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced rice water use increased gross benefits by 47.9%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- reduction in water consumptione1
- Outcome
- gross benefitse0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- 47.9 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhancing WP, net benefits, and gross benefits of rice by 46.7 %, 43.1 %, and 47.9 %, respectively”
e1“reduction in water consumption”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing canola nitrogen application by 30% correlated with a 9% yield increase.
- Taxon
- canolaBrassica napus var. napuse0
- Treatment
- 30 % increase in N applicatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 9 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 30 % increase in N application for canola correlated with a 9 % yield increase”
Claim · model-written summary
N3 increased canola WP by 6.7% over current nitrogen application.
- Taxon
- canolaBrassica napus var. napuse0
- Treatment
- N3e0
- Outcome
- WPe0
- Direction
- raisede0
- Value
- 6.7 %e0
- Comparator
- current N application levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N3 raised WP, NUE, net benefits, and gross benefits of canola by 6.7 %, 1.4 %, 9.1 %, and 9.2 %, respectively, compared with current N application level”
Claim · model-written summary
N3 increased canola NUE by 1.4% over current nitrogen application.
- Taxon
- canolaBrassica napus var. napuse0
- Treatment
- N3e0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- raisede0
- Value
- 1.4 %e0
- Comparator
- current N application levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N3 raised WP, NUE, net benefits, and gross benefits of canola by 6.7 %, 1.4 %, 9.1 %, and 9.2 %, respectively, compared with current N application level”
Claim · model-written summary
N3 increased canola net benefits by 9.1%.
- Taxon
- canolaBrassica napus var. napuse0
- Treatment
- N3e0
- Outcome
- net benefitse0
- Direction
- raisede0
- Value
- 9.1 %e0
- Comparator
- current N application levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N3 raised WP, NUE, net benefits, and gross benefits of canola by 6.7 %, 1.4 %, 9.1 %, and 9.2 %, respectively, compared with current N application level”
Claim · model-written summary
N3 increased canola gross benefits by 9.2%.
- Taxon
- canolaBrassica napus var. napuse0
- Treatment
- N3e0
- Outcome
- gross benefitse0
- Direction
- raisede0
- Value
- 9.2 %e0
- Comparator
- current N application levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N3 raised WP, NUE, net benefits, and gross benefits of canola by 6.7 %, 1.4 %, 9.1 %, and 9.2 %, respectively, compared with current N application level”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen fertilizer reduced rice yield and economic efficiency.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- 30 % increase in Nitrogen fertilizere0
- Outcome
- yield and economic efficiencye0
- Direction
- reducese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“30 % increase in Nitrogen fertilizer reduces yield and economic efficiency in Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Canola water-use net benefit was 3–4 times that of rice.
- Taxon
- canolaBrassica napus var. napuse0
- Outcome
- Net benefit of water usee0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 3–4 timese0
- Comparator
- ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Net benefit of water use in canola cultivation is 3–4 times greater than in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen uptake and grain yield were positively correlated in rice and canola.
- Taxon
- Rice and CanolaOryza sativaBrassica napus var. napuse0
- Treatment
- nitrogen uptakee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Strong positive correlation of nitrogen uptake and grain yield in Rice and Canola”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend stable or reduced nitrogen application levels.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- stable or reduced N application levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“recommending stable or reduced N application levels”
t0“rice-canola”
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