Abstract
The assessment and control of losses of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from paddy fields is critical to improve the quality of water and atmosphere on earth. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of three N managements (local common N fertilization practice, urea mixed with controlled-release N fertilizer, and optimized and reduced N fertilizer, designated CN, U + CRF and ON, respectively) on N and P losses through runoff and leaching from a paddy field, and yield of rice under shallow-irrigation and deep-sluice (SIDS) and continuous flooding irrigation (FI) in the Jianhan Plain of China in 2016. The results showed that, compared with FI, SIDS significantly reduced the frequency of irrigation and amount of irrigation water, resulting in an increase of 16.2% in rainfall use efficiency, and therefore, a reduction in the amount of surface runoff and water that had leached. This was responsible for the decreased total N (TN) and total P (TP) losses through runoff leaching under SIDS. The U + CRF and ON treatments resulted in a significant reduction in losses of TN through runoff and leaching and the loss of TP through leaching compared to CN. SIDS resulted in comparable or greater soil TN and TP contents in the 0-40 cm soil depths after rice harvest; N and P accumulation at the jointing, filling and maturity stages; and yield of grain compared to FI. Moreover, the U + CRF and ON improved or maintained accumulation of N and P and yield of rice compared to CN. Compared with FI coupled with CN, SIDS coupled with the U + CRF or ON treatments significantly reduced losses of N and P from paddy fields and enhanced or maintained the accumulation of N and P and yield of rice grains. In conclusion, SIDS coupled with the new N management could be an effective approach to reduce losses of N and P from paddy fields and would be a positive improvement for high yield of middle-season rice grains in the Jianhan Plain of central China and other regions with similar environments.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
SIDS significantly reduced irrigation frequency relative to FI.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- SIDSe0
- Outcome
- frequency of irrigatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- FIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with FI, SIDS significantly reduced the frequency of irrigation”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SIDS significantly reduced irrigation water amount relative to FI.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SIDSe0
- Outcome
- amount of irrigation watere0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- FIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with FI, SIDS significantly reduced the frequency of irrigation and amount of irrigation water”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SIDS raised rainfall use efficiency by 16.2% relative to FI.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SIDSe0
- Outcome
- rainfall use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 16.2%e0
- Comparator
- FIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with FI, SIDS significantly reduced the frequency of irrigation and amount of irrigation water, resulting in an increase of 16.2% in rainfall use efficiency”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SIDS reduced surface runoff and leached water relative to FI.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SIDSe0
- Outcome
- amount of surface runoff and water that had leachede0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- FIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with FI, SIDS significantly reduced the frequency of irrigation and amount of irrigation water, resulting in an increase of 16.2% in rainfall use efficiency, and therefore, a reduction in the amount of surface runoff and water that had leached”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SIDS decreased total N and total P losses through runoff leaching.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SIDSe0
- Outcome
- total N (TN) and total P (TP) losses through runoff leachinge0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased total N (TN) and total P (TP) losses through runoff leaching under SIDS”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
U + CRF reduced TN losses through runoff and leaching compared with CN.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- U + CRFe0
- Outcome
- losses of TN through runoff and leachinge0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- CNe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The U + CRF and ON treatments resulted in a significant reduction in losses of TN through runoff and leaching and the loss of TP through leaching compared to CN”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
ON reduced TN losses through runoff and leaching compared with CN.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ONe0
- Outcome
- losses of TN through runoff and leachinge0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- CNe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The U + CRF and ON treatments resulted in a significant reduction in losses of TN through runoff and leaching and the loss of TP through leaching compared to CN”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
U + CRF reduced TP leaching loss compared with CN.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- U + CRFe0
- Outcome
- loss of TP through leachinge0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- CNe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The U + CRF and ON treatments resulted in a significant reduction in losses of TN through runoff and leaching and the loss of TP through leaching compared to CN”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
ON reduced TP leaching loss compared with CN.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ONe0
- Outcome
- loss of TP through leachinge0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- CNe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The U + CRF and ON treatments resulted in a significant reduction in losses of TN through runoff and leaching and the loss of TP through leaching compared to CN”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SIDS gave comparable or greater soil TN and TP after harvest than FI.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SIDSe0
- Outcome
- soil TN and TP contentse0
- Direction
- comparable or greatere0
- Qualifier
- 0-40 cm soil depths after rice harveste0
- Comparator
- FIe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SIDS resulted in comparable or greater soil TN and TP contents in the 0-40 cm soil depths after rice harvest”
e1“continuous flooding irrigation (FI)”
Claim · model-written summary
SIDS gave comparable or greater N and P accumulation at jointing, filling and maturity than FI.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SIDSe0
- Outcome
- N and P accumulation at the jointing, filling and maturity stagese0
- Direction
- comparable or greatere0
- Comparator
- FIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SIDS resulted in comparable or greater soil TN and TP contents in the 0-40 cm soil depths after rice harvest; N and P accumulation at the jointing, filling and maturity stages; and yield of grain compared to FI”
Claim · model-written summary
SIDS gave comparable or greater grain yield than FI.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SIDSe0
- Outcome
- yield of graine0
- Direction
- comparable or greatere0
- Comparator
- FIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SIDS resulted in comparable or greater soil TN and TP contents in the 0-40 cm soil depths after rice harvest; N and P accumulation at the jointing, filling and maturity stages; and yield of grain compared to FI”
Claim · model-written summary
U + CRF improved or maintained rice N and P accumulation and yield compared with CN.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- U + CRFe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of N and P and yield of ricee0
- Direction
- improved or maintainede0
- Comparator
- CNe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the U + CRF and ON improved or maintained accumulation of N and P and yield of rice compared to CN”
Claim · model-written summary
ON improved or maintained rice N and P accumulation and yield compared with CN.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ONe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of N and P and yield of ricee0
- Direction
- improved or maintainede0
- Comparator
- CNe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the U + CRF and ON improved or maintained accumulation of N and P and yield of rice compared to CN”
Claim · model-written summary
SIDS with U + CRF reduced N and P losses versus FI with CN.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SIDS coupled with the U + CRFe0
- Outcome
- losses of N and P from paddy fieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- FI coupled with CNe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with FI coupled with CN, SIDS coupled with the U + CRF or ON treatments significantly reduced losses of N and P from paddy fields and enhanced or maintained the accumulation of N and P and yield of rice grains”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SIDS with ON reduced N and P losses versus FI with CN.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ON treatmentse0
- Outcome
- losses of N and P from paddy fieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- FI coupled with CNe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with FI coupled with CN, SIDS coupled with the U + CRF or ON treatments significantly reduced losses of N and P from paddy fields and enhanced or maintained the accumulation of N and P and yield of rice grains”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SIDS with U + CRF enhanced or maintained N and P accumulation and grain yield versus FI with CN.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SIDS coupled with the U + CRFe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of N and P and yield of rice grainse0
- Direction
- enhanced or maintainede0
- Comparator
- FI coupled with CNe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with FI coupled with CN, SIDS coupled with the U + CRF or ON treatments significantly reduced losses of N and P from paddy fields and enhanced or maintained the accumulation of N and P and yield of rice grains”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SIDS with ON enhanced or maintained N and P accumulation and grain yield versus FI with CN.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ON treatmentse0
- Outcome
- accumulation of N and P and yield of rice grainse0
- Direction
- enhanced or maintainede0
- Comparator
- FI coupled with CNe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with FI coupled with CN, SIDS coupled with the U + CRF or ON treatments significantly reduced losses of N and P from paddy fields and enhanced or maintained the accumulation of N and P and yield of rice grains”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend SIDS with new N management to reduce N and P losses while supporting high rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- SIDS coupled with the new N managemente0
- Setting
- Jianhan Plain of central Chinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SIDS coupled with the new N management could be an effective approach to reduce losses of N and P from paddy fields and would be a positive improvement for high yield of middle-season rice grains in the Jianhan Plain of central China”
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