Abstract
Considering climate change predictions, it is logical to anticipate detrimental effects on the mandarin tree, an essential citrus crop. Therefore, scientists should promptly focus on developing methods to enhance its resistance to climatic stress effects such as sunscald. This study assesses the strategies employed in ‘Balady’ mandarin trees when covered by shading nets of varying colors and percentages (white 50%, green 50% or 63%, black 50% or 63%), as well as the application of reflective materials (kaolin at 4% and CaCO3 at 3%) on the micro-climate of orchards, leaf, and fruit surface temperatures, fruit sunburn%, productivity, and fruit quality. The results indicated that shade nets effectively reduced temperature and enhanced humidity, especially during the period from June to September, when compared to open-field treatments. Black shade nets, particularly those with a shading level of 63%, demonstrated the most notable decrease in canopy temperature and an elevation in humidity, surpassing the performance of green and white shade nets. The present study found that shade nets and reflecting materials like kaolin and calcium carbonate significantly reduced fruit sunburn. Trees without shade had a sunburn rate of 8.74%, while those with shade treatments suffered no sunburn. Kaolin foliar spray at a concentration of 4% and calcium carbonate at a concentration of 3% reduced sunburn incidence to 3.64% and 7.32%, respectively. These treatments also reduced the intensity of sunburn. All treatments increased fruit yield % compared to the control and yield efficiency (kg/m2), especially the trees covered with white shade net of a 50% shading rate provided the highest values (43.70 and 40.17%) and (5.24 and 5.47 kg/m2) compared to other treatments in both seasons, respectively. Trees covered with a white shade net of a 50% shading rate, followed by a green shade net of 50% and a 63% shading rate, as well as a black shade net of 50% and a 63% shading rate, tended to improve the physical and chemical fruit properties. Therefore, it could be recommended that trees be covered with a white shade net of a 50% shading rate or a green shade net of a 50 and 63% shading rate in summer months due to its beneficial impact on mitigating fruit sunburn damage and enhancing the productivity and quality of ‘‘Balady’’ mandarin trees. Hence, shade nets can be a beneficial technology to protect citrus fruits from sunburn without affecting fruit quality in commercial citrus farms.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Shade nets reduced orchard temperature relative to open field.
Verbatim
e0“shade nets effectively reduced temperature and enhanced humidity, especially during the period from June to September, when compared to open-field treatments”
t0“‘Balady’ Mandarin Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Shade nets enhanced humidity relative to open field.
Verbatim
e0“shade nets effectively reduced temperature and enhanced humidity, especially during the period from June to September, when compared to open-field treatments”
t0“‘Balady’ Mandarin Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Black 63% shade nets produced the greatest decrease in canopy temperature.
Verbatim
e0“Black shade nets, particularly those with a shading level of 63%, demonstrated the most notable decrease in canopy temperature and an elevation in humidity, surpassing the performance of green and white shade nets”
t0“‘Balady’ Mandarin Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Black 63% shade nets raised canopy humidity above green and white nets.
Verbatim
e0“Black shade nets, particularly those with a shading level of 63%, demonstrated the most notable decrease in canopy temperature and an elevation in humidity, surpassing the performance of green and white shade nets”
t0“‘Balady’ Mandarin Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Shade treatments eliminated fruit sunburn, versus 8.74% without shade.
Verbatim
e0“Trees without shade had a sunburn rate of 8.74%, while those with shade treatments suffered no sunburn”
t0“Mandarin Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Kaolin foliar spray at 4% reduced sunburn incidence to 3.64%.
- Taxon
- Mandarint0
- Treatment
- Kaolin foliar spray at a concentration of 4%e0
- Outcome
- sunburn incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 3.64%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Kaolin foliar spray at a concentration of 4% and calcium carbonate at a concentration of 3% reduced sunburn incidence to 3.64% and 7.32%, respectively”
t0“Mandarin Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium carbonate at 3% reduced sunburn incidence to 7.32%.
- Taxon
- Mandarint0
- Treatment
- calcium carbonate at a concentration of 3%e0
- Outcome
- sunburn incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 7.32%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Kaolin foliar spray at a concentration of 4% and calcium carbonate at a concentration of 3% reduced sunburn incidence to 3.64% and 7.32%, respectively”
t0“Mandarin Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Shade and reflective treatments reduced sunburn intensity.
- Taxon
- Mandarint0
- Treatment
- shade nets and reflecting materials like kaolin and calcium carbonatee1
- Outcome
- intensity of sunburne0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“These treatments also reduced the intensity of sunburn”
e1“shade nets and reflecting materials like kaolin and calcium carbonate”
t0“Mandarin Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments increased fruit yield relative to control.
Verbatim
e0“All treatments increased fruit yield % compared to the control”
t0“Mandarin Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
White 50% shade produced the highest fruit yield increases of 43.70% and 40.17% across seasons.
- Taxon
- Mandarint0
- Treatment
- white shade net of a 50% shading ratee0
- Outcome
- highest valuese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 43.70 and 40.17%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“white shade net of a 50% shading rate provided the highest values (43.70 and 40.17%)”
t0“Mandarin Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
White 50% shade produced yield efficiency of 5.24 and 5.47 kg/m2 across seasons.
- Taxon
- Mandarint0
- Treatment
- white shade net of a 50% shading ratee0
- Outcome
- yield efficiencye1
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 5.24 and 5.47 kg/m2e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“white shade net of a 50% shading rate provided the highest values (43.70 and 40.17%) and (5.24 and 5.47 kg/m2)”
e1“yield efficiency (kg/m2)”
t0“Mandarin Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
White and green and black shade nets tended to improve physical and chemical fruit properties.
- Taxon
- Mandarint0
- Treatment
- white shade net of a 50% shading ratee0
- Outcome
- physical and chemical fruit propertiese0
- Direction
- improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Trees covered with a white shade net of a 50% shading rate, followed by a green shade net of 50% and a 63% shading rate, as well as a black shade net of 50% and a 63% shading rate, tended to improve the physical and chemical fruit properties”
t0“Mandarin Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend white 50% or green 50% and 63% shade nets in summer for Balady mandarin trees.
Verbatim
e0“it could be recommended that trees be covered with a white shade net of a 50% shading rate or a green shade net of a 50 and 63% shading rate in summer months”
e1“‘‘Balady’’ mandarin trees”
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