Abstract
This study investigates the impact of elevated ozone (eO 3 ) levels on the growth and yield of the wheat cultivar HD 2967 under different sowing dates in open-top chambers. Wheat was sown early on November 1st and timely on November 20th, 2017, under ambient and elevated O 3 (ambient + 20 ppb), resulting in four treatment groups: AT (ambient + timely), ET (elevated + timely), AE (ambient + early), and EE (elevated + early). Results showed significant reductions in morphological traits and gas-exchange parameters, including photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance , and water use efficiency under eO 3 . The most notable decreases were observed 40 days after germination (DAG) compared to 80 DAG. Interestingly, while a higher percentage reduction was observed under ET at 80 DAG, a reversal in the trend of percentage reduction between the two stages was noted, suggesting a dynamic response of the wheat cultivar to stress across the growth stage. However, compared with ET's results, early sowing mitigated these negative effects under a futuristic O 3 level scenario, showing no significant impact on grain yield and productivity factors. This resilience is attributed to the extended growth period, enhancing photosynthesis and biomass accumulation while avoiding high eO 3 concentrations during critical reproductive stages. Furthermore, a trade-off in ET plants suggests resources are allocated towards defense (enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants) at the expense of growth, while EE conditions favor growth at later stages, maintaining reproductive fitness despite eO 3 levels. Under conventional timely sowing, wheat may suffer yield declines of up to 30 % amidst rising eO 3 levels. Early sowing emerges as a proactive strategy to maintain wheat productivity under increasing O 3 stress. Future studies should explore the effectiveness of early sowing across multiple wheat cultivars and climatic conditions to inform sustainable agricultural practices in high O 3 areas.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated ozone significantly reduced morphological traits.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- HD 2967t0
- Treatment
- eO 3e0
- Outcome
- morphological traitse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed significant reductions in morphological traits and gas-exchange parameters, including photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance , and water use efficiency under eO 3 .”
t0“wheat cultivar HD 2967”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated ozone significantly reduced photosynthetic rate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- HD 2967t0
- Treatment
- eO 3e0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed significant reductions in morphological traits and gas-exchange parameters, including photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance , and water use efficiency under eO 3 .”
t0“wheat cultivar HD 2967”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated ozone significantly reduced stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- HD 2967t0
- Treatment
- eO 3e0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed significant reductions in morphological traits and gas-exchange parameters, including photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance , and water use efficiency under eO 3 .”
t0“wheat cultivar HD 2967”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated ozone significantly reduced water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- HD 2967t0
- Treatment
- eO 3e0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results showed significant reductions in morphological traits and gas-exchange parameters, including photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance , and water use efficiency under eO 3 .”
t0“wheat cultivar HD 2967”
Claim · model-written summary
The strongest decreases were at 40 rather than 80 days after germination.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- HD 2967t0
- Organ / stage
- 40 days after germination (DAG)e0
- Outcome
- decreasese0
- Direction
- most notablee0
- Comparator
- 80 DAGe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most notable decreases were observed 40 days after germination (DAG) compared to 80 DAG.”
t0“wheat cultivar HD 2967”
Claim · model-written summary
At 80 DAG, percentage reduction was higher under elevated ozone with timely sowing.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- HD 2967t0
- Organ / stage
- 80 DAGe0
- Treatment
- ETe0
- Outcome
- percentage reductione0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a higher percentage reduction was observed under ET at 80 DAG”
t0“wheat cultivar HD 2967”
Claim · model-written summary
Early sowing under elevated ozone showed no significant effect on grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- HD 2967t0
- Treatment
- early sowinge0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- no significant impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early sowing mitigated these negative effects under a futuristic O 3 level scenario, showing no significant impact on grain yield and productivity factors.”
t0“wheat cultivar HD 2967”
Claim · model-written summary
Early sowing under elevated ozone showed no significant effect on productivity factors.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- HD 2967t0
- Treatment
- early sowinge0
- Outcome
- productivity factorse0
- Direction
- no significant impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early sowing mitigated these negative effects under a futuristic O 3 level scenario, showing no significant impact on grain yield and productivity factors.”
t0“wheat cultivar HD 2967”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute early-sowing resilience to a longer growth period, enhanced photosynthesis and biomass, and avoidance of ozone at reproductive stages.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- HD 2967t0
- Outcome
- This resiliencee0
- Qualifier
- extended growth period, enhancing photosynthesis and biomass accumulation while avoiding high eO 3 concentrations during critical reproductive stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This resilience is attributed to the extended growth period, enhancing photosynthesis and biomass accumulation while avoiding high eO 3 concentrations during critical reproductive stages.”
t0“wheat cultivar HD 2967”
Claim · model-written summary
Timely-sown plants were interpreted to allocate resources to antioxidant defense at the expense of growth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- HD 2967t0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Qualifier
- resources are allocated towards defense (enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a trade-off in ET plants suggests resources are allocated towards defense (enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants) at the expense of growth”
t0“wheat cultivar HD 2967”
Claim · model-written summary
Early-sown elevated-ozone plants favored later growth and maintained reproductive fitness.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- HD 2967t0
- Treatment
- EE conditionse0
- Outcome
- growth at later stages, maintaining reproductive fitnesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EE conditions favor growth at later stages, maintaining reproductive fitness despite eO 3 levels.”
t0“wheat cultivar HD 2967”
Claim · model-written summary
Timely sowing was projected to lose up to 30 % yield under rising ozone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- HD 2967t0
- Treatment
- conventional timely sowinge0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- declinese0
- Value
- 30 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under conventional timely sowing, wheat may suffer yield declines of up to 30 % amidst rising eO 3 levels.”
t0“wheat cultivar HD 2967”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend early sowing to maintain productivity under increasing ozone stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- HD 2967t0
- Outcome
- Early sowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early sowing emerges as a proactive strategy to maintain wheat productivity under increasing O 3 stress.”
t0“wheat cultivar HD 2967”
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sowing time · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
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