Abstract
• Metarhizium anisopliae MetA1 (MA) seed priming improved shoot and root biomass, as well as leaf characteristics in barley under various drought conditions. • There was a notable decrease in stress markers in MA treated barley, indicating reduced cellular damage under drought stress. • MA primed plants showed increased activities of several antioxidant enzymes, crucial for oxidative stress mitigation. • MA priming augmented osmoprotectant and balanced Ca 2+ and K + accumulation in stressed plants. • MA priming resulted in better physiological and biochemical changes leading to improved crop growth and yield traits of barley. Increasing crop resilience to drought stress through microorganisms is a sustainable approach. This study evaluated the efficacy of the endophytic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae MetA1 (MA) for improving drought tolerance of barley by analyzing various morphological, physiological, biochemical, and yield factors. Barley grains were treated with MA (1 × 10 8 spore/ml) and a pot experiment was conducted with three high-yielding barley genotypes: BARI Barley-10, BARI Barley-6, and BARI Barley-9 under three drought conditions: no drought (100% field capacity, FC), moderate drought (50% FC), and severe drought (25% FC). Under drought conditions, MA priming significantly enhanced shoot and root biomass, leaf characteristics, photosynthetic pigment content, and activities of various antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, glyoxalase-I, and glyoxalase-II in all barley genotypes. Furthermore, there was an observed increase in the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbate and glutathione. MA treatment also led to a significant reduction in stress markers like methylglyoxal, malondialdehyde, lipoxygenase, hydrogen peroxide, and calcium influx along with an increase in proline and potassium content in barley leaves in stressed conditions. Crop growth and yield related attributes in barley were improved, which is evidence of better physiological and biochemical changes under both stress and non-stressed conditions. As such, the study provides evidence suggesting that MA-mediated seed priming is an effective strategy for improving drought tolerance not only in barley but also possibly other crops.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
MA priming increased barley shoot and root biomass and leaf traits under drought.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- MA priminge0
- Outcome
- shoot and root biomass, leaf characteristicse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“MA priming significantly enhanced shoot and root biomass, leaf characteristics”
t0“barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e1“MA priming significantly enhanced shoot and root biomass, leaf characteristics”
Claim · model-written summary
MA priming increased photosynthetic pigment content.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- MA priminge0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigment contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MA priming significantly enhanced shoot and root biomass, leaf characteristics, photosynthetic pigment content”
t0“barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e1“MA priming significantly enhanced shoot and root biomass, leaf characteristics”
Claim · model-written summary
MA priming increased antioxidant enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- MA priminge1
- Outcome
- activities of various antioxidant enzymese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activities of various antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, glyoxalase-I, and glyoxalase-II in all barley genotypes”
t0“barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e1“MA priming significantly enhanced shoot and root biomass, leaf characteristics”
Claim · model-written summary
MA increased ascorbate and glutathione levels.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- MA priminge1
- Outcome
- levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbate and glutathionee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase in the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbate and glutathione”
t0“barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e1“MA priming significantly enhanced shoot and root biomass, leaf characteristics”
Claim · model-written summary
MA reduced stress markers in stressed barley.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- MA treatmente0
- Outcome
- stress markers like methylglyoxal, malondialdehyde, lipoxygenase, hydrogen peroxide, and calcium influxe0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MA treatment also led to a significant reduction in stress markers like methylglyoxal, malondialdehyde, lipoxygenase, hydrogen peroxide, and calcium influx”
t0“barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e1“MA priming significantly enhanced shoot and root biomass, leaf characteristics”
Claim · model-written summary
MA increased proline and potassium content in stressed leaves.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- MA priminge1
- Outcome
- proline and potassium contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increase in proline and potassium content in barley leaves in stressed conditions”
t0“barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e1“MA priming significantly enhanced shoot and root biomass, leaf characteristics”
Claim · model-written summary
MA improved barley growth and yield traits.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- MA priminge1
- Outcome
- Crop growth and yield related attributese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop growth and yield related attributes in barley were improved”
t0“barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)”
e1“MA priming significantly enhanced shoot and root biomass, leaf characteristics”
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