Abstract
The study is the first to examine the combined use of blast-furnace sludge as a source of microelements and converter slag as a soil-deoxidizing agent in oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivation in sod-podzolic soils. It has been established that blast-furnace sludge is a highly dispersed waste, which contains about 50% iron, 7% zinc, and a small amount of calcium, silicon, magnesium, aluminum, and sulfur. Hazardous components such as lead, arsenic, etc., are not detected. Converter slag comprises porous granules up to 3 mm in size, consisting mainly of calcium compounds (CaO, Ca(CO)3, CaSiO3, CaFe2O4) and a small amount of Mn, Al, and Mg trace elements. In a laboratory experiment, blast-furnace sludge increased the germination of oats by 5–10%, regardless of the addition of a deoxidizer (slag), but at the same time suppressed the growth of stem length by a maximum of 18% at 1 g∙kg−1. The addition of slag raised substrate pH and increased the index by 8% at a sludge concentration of 0.1 g∙kg−1. Root length in deoxidizer-free variants increased by 50–60% and with the addition of slag by 27–47%. Root dry mass also increased under the addition of sludge by 85–98%; however, the addition of slag reduced the indicator to the control level. In a field experiment with the combined application of waste, an increase in yield by more than 30% was shown. When soil was treated with slag and sludge, the height of plants increased by an average of 18%. It should be noted that the introduction of waste did not affect the quality of the grain. The use of slag increased the lead content in the soil, which is probably due to the sorption properties of calcium compounds in the slag, since lead was not found in the analyzed waste. Presumably, lead is sorbed by slag from the lower soil horizons, concentrating and immobilizing it in the upper layer. This version is supported by the absence of lead accumulation in straw and oat grain. The zinc-containing sludge increased the content of this element by 33% in the soil, as well as by 6% in straw and by 14% in grain. Thus, we found that the studied metallurgical wastes can be used as nutrients for agriculture, both individually and jointly. Overall, the proposed approach will contribute both to reducing the amount of accumulated waste and to improving the efficiency and sustainability of agricultural production and CO2 sequestration. However, the features of the accumulation of heavy metals in soil and plants under the influence of the analyzed types of waste require more in-depth study, including within the framework of long-term field experiments.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Blast-furnace sludge increased oat germination by 5–10%.
- Taxon
- Oat
Avena sativat0 - Treatment
- blast-furnace sludgee0
- Outcome
- germination of oatse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5–10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oat”
e0“blast-furnace sludge increased the germination of oats by 5–10%, regardless of the addition of a deoxidizer (slag)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sludge suppressed stem length by up to 18% at 1 g∙kg−1.
- Taxon
- OatAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- 1 g∙kg−1e0
- Outcome
- growth of stem lengthe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 18%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oat”
e0“suppressed the growth of stem length by a maximum of 18% at 1 g∙kg−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Slag raised substrate pH.
- Taxon
- OatAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- slage0
- Outcome
- substrate pHe0
- Direction
- raisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oat”
e0“The addition of slag raised substrate pH”
Claim · model-written summary
Slag increased the index by 8% at a sludge concentration of 0.1 g∙kg−1.
- Taxon
- OatAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- sludge concentration of 0.1 g∙kg−1e0
- Outcome
- indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oat”
e0“increased the index by 8% at a sludge concentration of 0.1 g∙kg−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Root length increased by 50–60% without deoxidizer.
- Taxon
- OatAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- deoxidizer-free variantse0
- Outcome
- Root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 50–60%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oat”
e0“Root length in deoxidizer-free variants increased by 50–60%”
Claim · model-written summary
Root length increased by 27–47% with slag.
- Taxon
- OatAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- addition of slage0
- Outcome
- Root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 27–47%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oat”
e0“Root length in deoxidizer-free variants increased by 50–60% and with the addition of slag by 27–47%”
Claim · model-written summary
Sludge increased root dry mass by 85–98%.
- Taxon
- OatAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- addition of sludgee0
- Outcome
- Root dry masse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 85–98%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oat”
e0“Root dry mass also increased under the addition of sludge by 85–98%”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding slag reduced root dry mass to the control level.
- Taxon
- OatAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- addition of slage0
- Outcome
- indicatore0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- control levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oat”
e0“the addition of slag reduced the indicator to the control level”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined waste application increased field yield by more than 30%.
- Taxon
- OatAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- combined application of wastee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- more than 30%e0
- Setting
- field experimente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oat Yield”
e0“In a field experiment with the combined application of waste, an increase in yield by more than 30% was shown”
Claim · model-written summary
Slag and sludge raised plant height by an average of 18%.
- Taxon
- OatAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- slag and sludgee0
- Outcome
- height of plantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oat”
e0“When soil was treated with slag and sludge, the height of plants increased by an average of 18%”
Claim · model-written summary
Waste application did not affect grain quality.
- Taxon
- OatAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- introduction of wastee0
- Outcome
- quality of the graine0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oat”
e0“the introduction of waste did not affect the quality of the grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Slag increased lead content in soil.
- Taxon
- OatAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- slage0
- Outcome
- lead content in the soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oat”
e0“The use of slag increased the lead content in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead did not accumulate in straw or oat grain.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- absence of lead accumulation in straw and oat graine0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“absence of lead accumulation in straw and oat grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc-containing sludge raised soil zinc by 33%.
- Taxon
- OatAvena sativat0
- Treatment
- zinc-containing sludgee0
- Outcome
- content of this elemente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 33%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oat”
e0“The zinc-containing sludge increased the content of this element by 33% in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc-containing sludge raised straw zinc by 6%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oat”
e0“The zinc-containing sludge increased the content of this element by 33% in the soil, as well as by 6% in straw”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc-containing sludge raised grain zinc by 14%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oat”
e0“The zinc-containing sludge increased the content of this element by 33% in the soil, as well as by 6% in straw and by 14% in grain”
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