Abstract
Fungal co-culture is a method that allows the detection of interactions between fungi, enabling the examination of bioactive novel metabolites induction that may not be produced in monocultures. Worldwide, Fusarium basal rot is a primary limitation to onion yield, being caused by different Fusarium species. Current research directions encourage biological control of plant diseases as a replacement for routine chemical treatments. The current study aimed to investigate the co-culturing technique for mining new sources of bioagents that could be used as fungicides. Aspergillus ochraceus AUMC15539 was co-cultured with Penicillium chrysogenum AUMC15504, and their ethyl acetate extract was tested in vitro and in a greenhouse against Fusarium proliferatum AUMC15541. The results showed that Aspergillus-Penicillium (AP) co-culture extract significantly inhibited the growth of F. proliferatum with an MIC value of 0.78 mg/mL and showed antioxidant efficiency with an IC50 value of 1.31 mg/mL. The brine shrimp toxicity testing showed a LC50 value of 2.77 mg/mL. In addition, the co-culture extract showed the highest phenolic content at 114.71 GAE mg/g, with a 27.82 QE mg/g flavonoid content. Profiling of AP co-culture and its monoculture extracts by HPLC revealed a change in the metabolites profile in AP co-culture. Principal component analysis verified a positive correlation between the obtained HPLC data of A. ochraceus (A), P. chrysogenum (P), and AP extracts. Greenhouse experiments demonstrated that treating infected onion plants with the AP co-culture extract significantly enhanced all growth parameters. Additionally, the co-culture extract treatment resulted in the highest levels of total pigments (3.46 mg/g), carbohydrates (52.10 mg/g dry weight), proteins (131.44 mg/g), phenolics (41.66 GAE mg/g), and flavonoids (9.43 QE mg/g) compared with other treatments. This indicates a promising potential for fungal co-cultures in discovering new bioagents with antifungal properties and growth-promoting capabilities.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
The Aspergillus-Penicillium co-culture extract significantly inhibited growth of F. proliferatum, with an MIC of 0.78 mg/mL.
- Taxon
- onion
Allium cepat0 - Treatment
- Aspergillus-Penicillium (AP) co-culture extracte1
- Interactor
- F. proliferatumFusarium proliferatume1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Aspergillus-Penicillium (AP)e1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- growth of F. proliferatume1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Value
- 0.78 mg/mLe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“controlling Fusarium proliferatum-induced basal rot in onion”
e1“Aspergillus-Penicillium (AP) co-culture extract significantly inhibited the growth of F. proliferatum with an MIC value of 0.78 mg/mL”
Claim · model-written summary
The co-culture extract showed antioxidant efficiency with an IC50 of 1.31 mg/mL.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- antioxidant efficiencye2
- Value
- 1.31 mg/mLe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“controlling Fusarium proliferatum-induced basal rot in onion”
e2“showed antioxidant efficiency with an IC50 value of 1.31 mg/mL”
Claim · model-written summary
The co-culture extract had brine shrimp toxicity with an LC50 of 2.77 mg/mL.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- brine shrimp toxicitye3
- Value
- 2.77 mg/mLe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“controlling Fusarium proliferatum-induced basal rot in onion”
e3“The brine shrimp toxicity testing showed a LC50 value of 2.77 mg/mL”
Claim · model-written summary
The co-culture extract had the highest phenolic content, 114.71 GAE mg/g.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- co-culture extracte4
- Outcome
- phenolic contente4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 114.71 GAE mg/ge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“controlling Fusarium proliferatum-induced basal rot in onion”
e4“the co-culture extract showed the highest phenolic content at 114.71 GAE mg/g”
Claim · model-written summary
The co-culture extract had a flavonoid content of 27.82 QE mg/g.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- flavonoid contente5
- Value
- 27.82 QE mg/ge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“controlling Fusarium proliferatum-induced basal rot in onion”
e5“with a 27.82 QE mg/g flavonoid content”
Claim · model-written summary
HPLC profiling revealed a change in the metabolite profile of the AP co-culture compared with its monoculture extracts.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- AP co-culturee6
- Outcome
- metabolites profilee6
- Direction
- changee6
- Comparator
- monoculture extractse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“controlling Fusarium proliferatum-induced basal rot in onion”
e6“Profiling of AP co-culture and its monoculture extracts by HPLC revealed a change in the metabolites profile in AP co-culture”
Claim · model-written summary
Principal component analysis verified a positive correlation between the HPLC data of A. ochraceus, P. chrysogenum and AP extracts.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Material
- A. ochraceuse7
- Outcome
- HPLC datae7
- Direction
- positivee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“controlling Fusarium proliferatum-induced basal rot in onion”
e7“Principal component analysis verified a positive correlation between the obtained HPLC data of A. ochraceus (A), P. chrysogenum (P), and AP extracts”
Claim · model-written summary
In greenhouse experiments, treating infected onion plants with the AP co-culture extract significantly enhanced all growth parameters.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- AP co-culture extracte0
- Outcome
- all growth parameterse0
- Direction
- significantly enhancede0
- Setting
- Greenhousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“controlling Fusarium proliferatum-induced basal rot in onion”
e0“Greenhouse experiments demonstrated that treating infected onion plants with the AP co-culture extract significantly enhanced all growth parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
The co-culture extract treatment gave the highest total pigments, 3.46 mg/g, compared with other treatments.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- co-culture extract treatmente1
- Outcome
- total pigmentse1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 3.46 mg/ge1
- Comparator
- other treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“controlling Fusarium proliferatum-induced basal rot in onion”
e1“Additionally, the co-culture extract treatment resulted in the highest levels of total pigments (3.46 mg/g), carbohydrates (52.10 mg/g dry weight), proteins (131.44 mg/g), phenolics (41.66 GAE mg/g), and flavonoids (9.43 QE mg/g) compared with other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The co-culture extract treatment gave the highest carbohydrates, 52.10 mg/g dry weight, compared with other treatments.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- co-culture extract treatmente1
- Outcome
- carbohydratese1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 52.10 mg/g dry weighte1
- Comparator
- other treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“controlling Fusarium proliferatum-induced basal rot in onion”
e1“Additionally, the co-culture extract treatment resulted in the highest levels of total pigments (3.46 mg/g), carbohydrates (52.10 mg/g dry weight), proteins (131.44 mg/g), phenolics (41.66 GAE mg/g), and flavonoids (9.43 QE mg/g) compared with other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The co-culture extract treatment gave the highest proteins, 131.44 mg/g, compared with other treatments.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- co-culture extract treatmente1
- Outcome
- proteinse1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 131.44 mg/ge1
- Comparator
- other treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“controlling Fusarium proliferatum-induced basal rot in onion”
e1“Additionally, the co-culture extract treatment resulted in the highest levels of total pigments (3.46 mg/g), carbohydrates (52.10 mg/g dry weight), proteins (131.44 mg/g), phenolics (41.66 GAE mg/g), and flavonoids (9.43 QE mg/g) compared with other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The co-culture extract treatment gave the highest phenolics, 41.66 GAE mg/g, compared with other treatments.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- co-culture extract treatmente1
- Outcome
- phenolicse1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 41.66 GAE mg/ge1
- Comparator
- other treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“controlling Fusarium proliferatum-induced basal rot in onion”
e1“Additionally, the co-culture extract treatment resulted in the highest levels of total pigments (3.46 mg/g), carbohydrates (52.10 mg/g dry weight), proteins (131.44 mg/g), phenolics (41.66 GAE mg/g), and flavonoids (9.43 QE mg/g) compared with other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The co-culture extract treatment gave the highest flavonoids, 9.43 QE mg/g, compared with other treatments.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- co-culture extract treatmente1
- Outcome
- flavonoidse1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 9.43 QE mg/ge1
- Comparator
- other treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“controlling Fusarium proliferatum-induced basal rot in onion”
e1“Additionally, the co-culture extract treatment resulted in the highest levels of total pigments (3.46 mg/g), carbohydrates (52.10 mg/g dry weight), proteins (131.44 mg/g), phenolics (41.66 GAE mg/g), and flavonoids (9.43 QE mg/g) compared with other treatments”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · growth · Allium cepa (onion)Positive and negative results
36 papers in the same direction as this paper · 52 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
85 papers more in this group
See all 89 papers →botanical · quality: sugar starch · Allium cepa (onion)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
botanical · quality: phytochemicals · Allium cepa (onion)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →botanical · physiology: pigments · Allium cepa (onion)Results agree
7 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.