Abstract
Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) pose potential threats to agricultural production. Bacillus subtilis has emerged as a stress-mitigating microbe that alleviates the phytotoxicity caused by NiO-NPs. However, the mechanisms underlying its effectiveness, particularly in root-nodule symbiosis and biological N2-fixation (BNF), remain unclear. Here, we tested the combined exposure of NiO-NPs (50 mg kg-1) and B. subtilis on soybean (Glycine max L.) growth and BNF. Combined exposure increased root length, shoot length, root biomass, and shoot biomass by 19% to 26%, while Ni (200 mg kg-1) reduced them by 38% to 53% compared to the control. NiO-NPs at 100 and 200 mg kg-1 significantly (P < 0.05) reduced nodule formation by 16% and 58% and Nitrogen assimilation enzyme activities levels (urease, nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthetase) by 13% to 57%. However, co-exposure with B. subtilis improved nodule formation by 22% to 44%. Co-exposure of NiO-NPs (200 mg kg-1) with B. subtilis increased peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity levels by 20%, 16%, and 14% while reducing malondialdehyde (14%) and hydrogen peroxide (12%) levels compared to NiO-NPs alone. Additionally, co-exposure of NiO-NPs (100 and 200 mg kg-1) with B. subtilis enhanced the relative abundance of Stenotrophomonas, Gemmatimonas, and B. subtilis, is associated with N2-cycling and N2-fixation potential. This study confirms that B. subtilis effectively mitigates NiO-NP toxicity in soybean, offering a sustainable method to enhance BNF and crop growth and contribute to addressing global food insecurity.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Combined exposure of NiO nanoparticles (50 mg kg-1) and B. subtilis increased soybean root length and shoot length by 19% to 26%.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- combined exposure of NiO-NPs (50 mg kg-1) and B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis
Bacillus subtilise0other - Outcome
- root length, shoot lengthe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 19% to 26%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we tested the combined exposure of NiO-NPs (50 mg kg-1) and B. subtilis on soybean (Glycine max L.) growth and BNF”
e1“Combined exposure increased root length, shoot length, root biomass, and shoot biomass by 19% to 26%”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined exposure of NiO nanoparticles (50 mg kg-1) and B. subtilis increased soybean root biomass and shoot biomass by 19% to 26%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- combined exposure of NiO-NPs (50 mg kg-1) and B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0other
- Outcome
- root biomass, and shoot biomasse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 19% to 26%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we tested the combined exposure of NiO-NPs (50 mg kg-1) and B. subtilis on soybean (Glycine max L.) growth and BNF”
e1“Combined exposure increased root length, shoot length, root biomass, and shoot biomass by 19% to 26%”
Claim · model-written summary
Ni at 200 mg kg-1 reduced soybean root length and shoot length by 38% to 53% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Ni (200 mg kg-1)e2
- Outcome
- root length, shoot lengthe1
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 38% to 53%e2
- Comparator
- the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Combined exposure increased root length, shoot length, root biomass, and shoot biomass by 19% to 26%”
e2“Ni (200 mg kg-1) reduced them by 38% to 53% compared to the control”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Ni at 200 mg kg-1 reduced soybean root biomass and shoot biomass by 38% to 53% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Ni (200 mg kg-1)e2
- Outcome
- root biomass, and shoot biomasse1
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 38% to 53%e2
- Comparator
- the controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Combined exposure increased root length, shoot length, root biomass, and shoot biomass by 19% to 26%”
e2“Ni (200 mg kg-1) reduced them by 38% to 53% compared to the control”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
NiO nanoparticles at 100 mg kg-1 significantly reduced nodule formation in soybean by 16%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- NiO-NPs at 100 and 200 mg kg-1e0
- Outcome
- nodule formatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 16%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NiO-NPs at 100 and 200 mg kg-1 significantly (P < 0.05) reduced nodule formation by 16% and 58%”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
NiO nanoparticles at 200 mg kg-1 significantly reduced nodule formation in soybean by 58%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- NiO-NPs at 100 and 200 mg kg-1e0
- Outcome
- nodule formatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 58%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NiO-NPs at 100 and 200 mg kg-1 significantly (P < 0.05) reduced nodule formation by 16% and 58%”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
NiO nanoparticles at 100 and 200 mg kg-1 reduced the activities of the nitrogen assimilation enzymes urease, nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthetase by 13% to 57%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- NiO-NPs at 100 and 200 mg kg-1e0
- Outcome
- Nitrogen assimilation enzyme activities levelse1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 13% to 57%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NiO-NPs at 100 and 200 mg kg-1 significantly (P < 0.05) reduced nodule formation by 16% and 58%”
e1“Nitrogen assimilation enzyme activities levels (urease, nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthetase) by 13% to 57%”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-exposure with B. subtilis improved nodule formation in soybean by 22% to 44%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-exposure with B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0other
- Outcome
- nodule formatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 22% to 44%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“co-exposure with B. subtilis improved nodule formation by 22% to 44%”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-exposure of NiO-NPs (200 mg kg-1) with B. subtilis increased peroxidase activity in soybean by 20% compared with NiO-NPs alone.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Co-exposure of NiO-NPs (200 mg kg-1) with B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0other
- Outcome
- peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Comparator
- NiO-NPs alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-exposure of NiO-NPs (200 mg kg-1) with B. subtilis increased peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity levels by 20%, 16%, and 14%”
e1“compared to NiO-NPs alone”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-exposure of NiO-NPs (200 mg kg-1) with B. subtilis increased catalase activity in soybean by 16% compared with NiO-NPs alone.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Co-exposure of NiO-NPs (200 mg kg-1) with B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0other
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16%e0
- Comparator
- NiO-NPs alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-exposure of NiO-NPs (200 mg kg-1) with B. subtilis increased peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity levels by 20%, 16%, and 14%”
e1“compared to NiO-NPs alone”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-exposure of NiO-NPs (200 mg kg-1) with B. subtilis increased glutathione peroxidase activity in soybean by 14% compared with NiO-NPs alone.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Co-exposure of NiO-NPs (200 mg kg-1) with B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0other
- Outcome
- glutathione peroxidase activity levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Comparator
- NiO-NPs alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-exposure of NiO-NPs (200 mg kg-1) with B. subtilis increased peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity levels by 20%, 16%, and 14%”
e1“compared to NiO-NPs alone”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-exposure of NiO-NPs (200 mg kg-1) with B. subtilis reduced malondialdehyde levels in soybean by 14% compared with NiO-NPs alone.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Co-exposure of NiO-NPs (200 mg kg-1) with B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0other
- Outcome
- malondialdehydee1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Value
- 14%e1
- Comparator
- NiO-NPs alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-exposure of NiO-NPs (200 mg kg-1) with B. subtilis”
e1“reducing malondialdehyde (14%) and hydrogen peroxide (12%) levels compared to NiO-NPs alone”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-exposure of NiO-NPs (200 mg kg-1) with B. subtilis reduced hydrogen peroxide levels in soybean by 12% compared with NiO-NPs alone.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Co-exposure of NiO-NPs (200 mg kg-1) with B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0other
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxidee1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Value
- 12%e1
- Comparator
- NiO-NPs alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-exposure of NiO-NPs (200 mg kg-1) with B. subtilis”
e1“reducing malondialdehyde (14%) and hydrogen peroxide (12%) levels compared to NiO-NPs alone”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-exposure of NiO-NPs (100 and 200 mg kg-1) with B. subtilis enhanced the relative abundance of Stenotrophomonas, Gemmatimonas and B. subtilis in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- co-exposure of NiO-NPs (100 and 200 mg kg-1) with B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0other
- Outcome
- relative abundance of Stenotrophomonas, Gemmatimonas, and B. subtilise0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“co-exposure of NiO-NPs (100 and 200 mg kg-1) with B. subtilis enhanced the relative abundance of Stenotrophomonas, Gemmatimonas, and B. subtilis”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis effectively mitigates NiO nanoparticle toxicity in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- B. subtilise0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0other
- Outcome
- NiO-NP toxicitye0
- Direction
- mitigatese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. subtilis effectively mitigates NiO-NP toxicity in soybean”
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See all 23 papers →8 of 18 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.