Abstract
• GRAS salts were evaluated in Kinnow mandarin against post-harvest losses caused by penicillium digitatum sacc. • Seven yeast isolates, nine local botanicals and six GRAS salts were tested. • GRAS salts exerted a substantial enhanced nutrient composition and fruit quality. • The study demonstrated multifaceted approach as a viable alternative to synthetic fungicides. Green mold caused by Penicillium digitatum Sacc. is a serious disease of Kinnow mandarin fruits, causing up to 90 per cent fruit rot. The use of chemical fungicides has raised concerns about residual toxicity in edible fruits. To find effective alternatives to chemical fungicides, yeasts, plant leaf extracts, and GRAS salts were investigated to determine post-harvest losses. Seven yeast isolates from different sources, nine locally available plant leaf extracts, and six GRAS salts were tested for resistance against P. digitatum under in vitro conditions. S accharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) isolates, namely, R, BK 6, and BK 4, inhibited the pathogen hyphal growth by 66.66, 53.5 and 48.14 per cent, respectively. Aqueous plant extracts of Roylea cinerea (D. Don) Baill (Ash Roylea, 84.81 %), Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel (Curry Leaves, 78.70 %) and Mentha piperita L. (Mint, 76.47 %) were found to be effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Among the GRAS salts, salicylic acid (0.25 %), sodium bicarbonate (0.50 %) and potassium sorbate (0.75 %) completely inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen. The yeast, plant leaf extract (10 %) and GRAS salt (0.25 %) found to be effective under in vitro conditions were further investigated under in vivo conditions as fruit protectants to determine their effectiveness against Dactylopius digitatus to examine the target damaged areas on the fruit surface and also as fruit pastes. In fruits treated with S. cerevisiae isolate BK 6, Ashy Roylea, and salicylic acid at the affected lesion sites, the incidence was reduced by 50, 33.3, and 66.7 per cent, respectively. Similarly, fruit dip containing broth of S. cerevisiae isolate BK 6, Ashy Roylea aqueous extract, and salicylic acid reduced disease severity by 63.3, 33.3 and 78 per cent, respectively. The study found that yeast isolates and GRAS salts had a significant impact on the nutritional composition of the fruit, thereby improving the quality of Kinnow fruits. The results obtained in this study using various biological and chemical agents demonstrate the potential of a multifaceted approach as a viable alternative to synthetic fungicides. It is concluded that application of GRAS salts, botanicals and yeasts can be a promising integrated approach to manage postharvest diseases in the Citrus industry, ensuring better fruit quality and promoting environmentally friendly practices through synergistic effects, increasing the overall effectiveness of controlling postharvest diseases.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolate R inhibited pathogen hyphal growth by 66.66 per cent.
- Taxon
- Kinnow mandarint0
- Treatment
- Re0
- Interactor
- pathogene0pathogen
- Second interactor
- S accharomyces cerevisiaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- pathogen hyphal growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 66.66e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“S accharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) isolates, namely, R, BK 6, and BK 4, inhibited the pathogen hyphal growth by 66.66, 53.5 and 48.14 per cent, respectively.”
t0“Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora)”
Claim · model-written summary
Yeast isolate BK 6 inhibited pathogen hyphal growth by 53.5 per cent.
- Taxon
- Kinnow mandarint0
- Treatment
- BK 6e0
- Interactor
- pathogene0pathogen
- Second interactor
- S accharomyces cerevisiaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- pathogen hyphal growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 53.5e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“S accharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) isolates, namely, R, BK 6, and BK 4, inhibited the pathogen hyphal growth by 66.66, 53.5 and 48.14 per cent, respectively.”
t0“Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora)”
Claim · model-written summary
Yeast isolate BK 4 inhibited pathogen hyphal growth by 48.14 per cent.
- Taxon
- Kinnow mandarint0
- Treatment
- BK 4e0
- Interactor
- pathogene0pathogen
- Second interactor
- S accharomyces cerevisiaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- pathogen hyphal growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 48.14 per cente0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“S accharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) isolates, namely, R, BK 6, and BK 4, inhibited the pathogen hyphal growth by 66.66, 53.5 and 48.14 per cent, respectively.”
t0“Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora)”
Claim · model-written summary
Roylea cinerea extract inhibited pathogen mycelial growth by 84.81%.
- Taxon
- Kinnow mandarint0
- Treatment
- Roylea cinereae0
- Interactor
- pathogene0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of the pathogene0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
- Value
- 84.81 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Aqueous plant extracts of Roylea cinerea (D. Don) Baill (Ash Roylea, 84.81 %), Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel (Curry Leaves, 78.70 %) and Mentha piperita L. (Mint, 76.47 %) were found to be effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen.”
t0“Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora)”
Claim · model-written summary
Murraya koenigii extract inhibited pathogen mycelial growth by 78.70%.
- Taxon
- Kinnow mandarint0
- Treatment
- Murraya koenigiie0
- Interactor
- pathogene0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of the pathogene0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
- Value
- 78.70 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Aqueous plant extracts of Roylea cinerea (D. Don) Baill (Ash Roylea, 84.81 %), Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel (Curry Leaves, 78.70 %) and Mentha piperita L. (Mint, 76.47 %) were found to be effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen.”
t0“Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mentha piperita extract inhibited pathogen mycelial growth by 76.47%.
- Taxon
- Kinnow mandarint0
- Treatment
- Mentha piperitae0
- Interactor
- pathogene0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of the pathogene0
- Direction
- inhibitinge0
- Value
- 76.47 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Aqueous plant extracts of Roylea cinerea (D. Don) Baill (Ash Roylea, 84.81 %), Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel (Curry Leaves, 78.70 %) and Mentha piperita L. (Mint, 76.47 %) were found to be effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen.”
t0“Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid completely inhibited pathogen mycelial growth.
- Taxon
- Kinnow mandarint0
- Treatment
- salicylic acid (0.25 %)e0
- Interactor
- pathogene0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of the pathogene0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Among the GRAS salts, salicylic acid (0.25 %), sodium bicarbonate (0.50 %) and potassium sorbate (0.75 %) completely inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen.”
t0“Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium bicarbonate completely inhibited pathogen mycelial growth.
- Taxon
- Kinnow mandarint0
- Treatment
- sodium bicarbonate (0.50 %)e0
- Interactor
- pathogene0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of the pathogene0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Among the GRAS salts, salicylic acid (0.25 %), sodium bicarbonate (0.50 %) and potassium sorbate (0.75 %) completely inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen.”
t0“Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora)”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium sorbate completely inhibited pathogen mycelial growth.
- Taxon
- Kinnow mandarint0
- Treatment
- potassium sorbate (0.75 %)e0
- Interactor
- pathogene0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of the pathogene0
- Direction
- completely inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Among the GRAS salts, salicylic acid (0.25 %), sodium bicarbonate (0.50 %) and potassium sorbate (0.75 %) completely inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen.”
t0“Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora)”
Claim · model-written summary
BK 6 treatment at lesion sites reduced disease incidence by 50 per cent.
- Taxon
- Kinnow mandarint0
- Treatment
- S. cerevisiae isolate BK 6e0
- Interactor
- S. cerevisiaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In fruits treated with S. cerevisiae isolate BK 6, Ashy Roylea, and salicylic acid at the affected lesion sites, the incidence was reduced by 50, 33.3, and 66.7 per cent, respectively.”
t0“Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ashy Roylea treatment at lesion sites reduced disease incidence by 33.3 per cent.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In fruits treated with S. cerevisiae isolate BK 6, Ashy Roylea, and salicylic acid at the affected lesion sites, the incidence was reduced by 50, 33.3, and 66.7 per cent, respectively.”
t0“Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid treatment at lesion sites reduced disease incidence by 66.7 per cent.
- Taxon
- Kinnow mandarint0
- Treatment
- salicylic acide0
- Outcome
- incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 66.7 per cente0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In fruits treated with S. cerevisiae isolate BK 6, Ashy Roylea, and salicylic acid at the affected lesion sites, the incidence was reduced by 50, 33.3, and 66.7 per cent, respectively.”
t0“Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora)”
Claim · model-written summary
BK 6 broth fruit dip reduced disease severity by 63.3 per cent.
- Taxon
- Kinnow mandarint0
- Treatment
- broth of S. cerevisiae isolate BK 6e0
- Interactor
- S. cerevisiaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 63.3e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, fruit dip containing broth of S. cerevisiae isolate BK 6, Ashy Roylea aqueous extract, and salicylic acid reduced disease severity by 63.3, 33.3 and 78 per cent, respectively.”
t0“Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ashy Roylea fruit dip reduced disease severity by 33.3 per cent.
- Taxon
- Kinnow mandarint0
- Treatment
- Ashy Roylea aqueous extracte0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 33.3e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, fruit dip containing broth of S. cerevisiae isolate BK 6, Ashy Roylea aqueous extract, and salicylic acid reduced disease severity by 63.3, 33.3 and 78 per cent, respectively.”
t0“Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid fruit dip reduced disease severity by 78 per cent.
- Taxon
- Kinnow mandarint0
- Treatment
- salicylic acide0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 78 per cente0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Similarly, fruit dip containing broth of S. cerevisiae isolate BK 6, Ashy Roylea aqueous extract, and salicylic acid reduced disease severity by 63.3, 33.3 and 78 per cent, respectively.”
t0“Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora)”
Claim · model-written summary
Yeast isolates and GRAS salts significantly affected fruit nutritional composition.
- Taxon
- Kinnow mandarint0
- Treatment
- yeast isolates and GRAS saltse0
- Outcome
- nutritional composition of the fruite0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“The study found that yeast isolates and GRAS salts had a significant impact on the nutritional composition of the fruit, thereby improving the quality of Kinnow fruits.”
t0“Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend GRAS salts, botanicals and yeasts for integrated postharvest disease management.
Verbatim
e0“It is concluded that application of GRAS salts, botanicals and yeasts can be a promising integrated approach to manage postharvest diseases in the Citrus industry, ensuring better fruit quality and promoting environmentally friendly practices through synergistic effects, increasing the overall effectiveness of controlling postharvest diseases.”
t0“Kinnow mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora)”
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