Abstract
Edible composite coatings based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), lipid components (beeswax and shellac), and food preservatives with antifungal properties were evaluated in vivo on clementine mandarins cv. Clemenules, hybrid mandarins cv. Ortanique, and oranges cv. Valencia. Their curative and preventive activity against citrus postharvest green (GM) and blue molds (BM), caused by Penicillium digitatum (PD) or Penicillium italicum (PI), respectively, were determined. Fruits were artificially inoculated before or after the application of the coatings and incubated up to 7 days at 20 degrees C. Selected food preservatives included mineral salts, organic acid salts, parabens, and 2-deoxy-d-glucose. Inoculated but uncoated fruits were used as controls. For curative activity, HPMC-lipid edible composite coatings containing sodium benzoate (SB) were most effective in reducing the incidence and severity of GM on clementine mandarins cv. Clemenules (86 and 90%, respectively). On this cultivar, the reduction in GM incidence by the SB-based coating was twice that of potassium sorbate (PS)-based coating. On mandarins cv. Ortanique, PS- and SB-based coatings reduced the incidence of GM and BM by more than 40 and 21%, respectively. However, the HPMC-lipid coating containing a mixture of PS and sodium propionate (PS + SP) exhibited a synergistic effect in the reduction of the incidence of GM (78%) and BM (67%). Coatings with parabens modestly reduced disease incidence and severity. On oranges cv. Valencia, coatings with food preservatives better controlled BM than GM. Coatings containing SB + PS and SB + SP reduced the incidence and severity of BM by 85% and 95%, respectively. PS- and SB- based coatings controlled GM more effectively than coatings formulated with other food preservatives. In every cultivar, fruit coated before inoculation did not show any incidence or severity reduction of both GM and BM (preventive activity). In every test, the antifungal action of the coatings was fungistatic rather than fungicidal.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
SB coating reduced green mold incidence on Clemenules by 86%.
- Taxon
- clementine mandarinse0
- Material
- Clemenulese0
- Treatment
- HPMC-lipid edible composite coatings containing sodium benzoate (SB)e0
- Outcome
- incidencee0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 86e0
Not reportedInteractorComparator
Verbatim
e0“HPMC-lipid edible composite coatings containing sodium benzoate (SB) were most effective in reducing the incidence and severity of GM on clementine mandarins cv. Clemenules (86 and 90%, respectively).”
Claim · model-written summary
SB coating reduced green mold severity on Clemenules by 90%.
- Taxon
- clementine mandarinse0
- Material
- Clemenulese0
- Treatment
- HPMC-lipid edible composite coatings containing sodium benzoate (SB)e0
- Outcome
- severity of GMe0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“HPMC-lipid edible composite coatings containing sodium benzoate (SB) were most effective in reducing the incidence and severity of GM on clementine mandarins cv. Clemenules (86 and 90%, respectively).”
Claim · model-written summary
PS and SB coatings reduced Ortanique green mold incidence by over 40%.
- Taxon
- mandarinse0
- Material
- Ortaniquee0
- Treatment
- PS- and SB-based coatingse0
- Outcome
- incidence of GMe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- more than 40 and 21%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“On mandarins cv. Ortanique, PS- and SB-based coatings reduced the incidence of GM and BM by more than 40 and 21%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
PS and SB coatings reduced Ortanique blue mold incidence by over 21%.
- Taxon
- mandarinse0
- Material
- Ortaniquee0
- Treatment
- PS- and SB-based coatingse0
- Outcome
- incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 21%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“On mandarins cv. Ortanique, PS- and SB-based coatings reduced the incidence of GM and BM by more than 40 and 21%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
PS plus SP coating reduced Ortanique green mold incidence by 78%.
- Taxon
- mandarinst0
- Treatment
- HPMC-lipid coating containing a mixture of PS and sodium propionate (PS + SP)e0
- Outcome
- incidence of GMe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 78%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the HPMC-lipid coating containing a mixture of PS and sodium propionate (PS + SP) exhibited a synergistic effect in the reduction of the incidence of GM (78%) and BM (67%).”
t0“On mandarins cv. Ortanique”
Claim · model-written summary
PS plus SP coating reduced Ortanique blue mold incidence by 67%.
- Taxon
- mandarinst0
- Treatment
- HPMC-lipid coating containing a mixture of PS and sodium propionate (PS + SP)e0
- Outcome
- incidencee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 67%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the HPMC-lipid coating containing a mixture of PS and sodium propionate (PS + SP) exhibited a synergistic effect in the reduction of the incidence of GM (78%) and BM (67%).”
t0“On mandarins cv. Ortanique”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraben coatings modestly reduced disease incidence and severity.
CitrusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Coatings with parabens modestly reduced disease incidence and severity.”
t0“Citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Preservative coatings controlled blue mold better than green mold on Valencia oranges.
Verbatim
e0“On oranges cv. Valencia, coatings with food preservatives better controlled BM than GM.”
Claim · model-written summary
SB plus PS and SB plus SP coatings reduced Valencia blue mold incidence by 85%.
- Taxon
- orangest0
- Treatment
- Coatings containing SB + PS and SB + SPe0
- Outcome
- incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 85%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Coatings containing SB + PS and SB + SP reduced the incidence and severity of BM by 85% and 95%, respectively.”
t0“On oranges cv. Valencia”
Claim · model-written summary
SB plus PS and SB plus SP coatings reduced Valencia blue mold severity by 95%.
- Taxon
- orangest0
- Treatment
- Coatings containing SB + PS and SB + SPe0
- Outcome
- severity of BMe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 95%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Coatings containing SB + PS and SB + SP reduced the incidence and severity of BM by 85% and 95%, respectively.”
t0“On oranges cv. Valencia”
Claim · model-written summary
PS and SB coatings controlled green mold more effectively than other preservatives.
- Treatment
- PS- and SB- based coatingse0
- Outcome
- controlled GMe0
- Direction
- more effectivelye0
- Comparator
- coatings formulated with other food preservativese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PS- and SB- based coatings controlled GM more effectively than coatings formulated with other food preservatives.”
t0“Citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Coating before inoculation did not reduce either mold in any cultivar.
- Treatment
- fruit coated before inoculatione0
- Outcome
- incidence or severity reduction of both GM and BMe0
- Direction
- did not show anye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In every cultivar, fruit coated before inoculation did not show any incidence or severity reduction of both GM and BM (preventive activity).”
t0“Citrus”
Claim · model-written summary
Coating antifungal action was fungistatic.
- Outcome
- antifungal action of the coatings was fungistatic rather than fungicidale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In every test, the antifungal action of the coatings was fungistatic rather than fungicidal.”
t0“Citrus”
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