Abstract
Weed infestation greatly decreases the productivity of wheat fields, commonly controlled by the application of synthetic herbicides. Nonetheless, the ecological impacts of these chemicals have caused interest in studying alternate methods, such as using plant extracts with allelopathic activity. This experiment was conducted at two locations (Location I - Erbil Directorate of Agricultural Research / Ainkawa and Location II - farmer land in Gwer sub-strict) to evaluate the effectiveness of utilizing wild barley aqueous extracts in mixing with lower dosages of synthetic herbicides to control weeds in wheat fields (Triticum aestivum L.) and examine their impact on wheat growth parameters. The study randomly completed the block design (RCBD) with three replications in a field experiment. The treatments contained various combinations of herbicide dosage and wild barley extracts. The treatments comprised a complete application of TARZEC 320 WG herbicide (Halauxifen-methyl 70 g/kg and Pyroxsulam 250 g/kg) at a rate of 90 g/ha, aqueous extracts of wild barley at a concentration of 200 g/L, and mixtures of TARZEC at 75%, 50%, and 25% of the recommended dosage combined with 25%, 50%, and 75% wild barley extracts, respectively, and both of weedy and weed-free plots were used as controls. A significant reduction in weed growth was observed by combining wild barley extracts with lower doses of herbicides. Significant decreases in weed density were noted at the full herbicide dosage in both sites, while the control plots showed the greatest dry weed biomass at each location. The parameters of wheat growth, including plant height, biological yield, weight of 1000 grains, grain yield, harvest index, and weed index, demonstrated significant variations throughout the various treatments. At location II, the weedy control plots showed the highest plant height (111.7 cm). At the same time, the weed-free plots at the same location produced the highest biological yield, reaching a record 19.52 tons per hectare. The plots tested with TARZEC and wild barley water extracts yielded the highest values for thousand-grain weight, grain yield, harvest index, and weed index. Combining allelopathic water extracts from wild barley with herbicide applications may result in a reduction exceeding 50%, thereby enhancing weed management and increasing wheat yield parameters.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Combining wild barley extracts with lower herbicide doses significantly reduced weed growth in wheat fields.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- combining wild barley extracts with lower doses of herbicidese0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed growthe0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A significant reduction in weed growth was observed by combining wild barley extracts with lower doses of herbicides”
t0“Wheat Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
The full herbicide dosage significantly decreased weed density at both sites.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- full herbicide dosagee0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed densitye0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Setting
- both sitese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant decreases in weed density were noted at the full herbicide dosage in both sites”
t0“Wheat Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Control plots had the greatest dry weed biomass at each location.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- dry weed biomasse0
- Qualifier
- control plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the control plots showed the greatest dry weed biomass at each location”
t0“Wheat Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
At location II, weedy control plots showed the highest wheat plant height, 111.7 cm.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Value
- 111.7 cme0
- Qualifier
- weedy control plotse0
- Setting
- location IIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At location II, the weedy control plots showed the highest plant height (111.7 cm)”
t0“Wheat Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed-free plots at the same location produced the highest biological yield, 19.52 tons per hectare.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Value
- 19.52 tons per hectaree0
- Qualifier
- weed-free plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the weed-free plots at the same location produced the highest biological yield, reaching a record 19.52 tons per hectare”
t0“Wheat Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Plots treated with TARZEC and wild barley water extracts gave the highest thousand-grain weight and grain yield.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- TARZEC and wild barley water extractse0
- Outcome
- thousand-grain weight, grain yielde0
- Direction
- highest valuese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plots tested with TARZEC and wild barley water extracts yielded the highest values for thousand-grain weight, grain yield, harvest index, and weed index”
t0“Wheat Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Plots treated with TARZEC and wild barley water extracts gave the highest harvest index and weed index.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- TARZEC and wild barley water extractse0
- Outcome
- harvest index, and weed indexe0
- Direction
- highest valuese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plots tested with TARZEC and wild barley water extracts yielded the highest values for thousand-grain weight, grain yield, harvest index, and weed index”
t0“Wheat Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat growth parameters (plant height, biological yield, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, harvest index, weed index) varied significantly among treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- the various treatmentse0
- Outcome
- parameters of wheat growthe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The parameters of wheat growth, including plant height, biological yield, weight of 1000 grains, grain yield, harvest index, and weed index, demonstrated significant variations throughout the various treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that combining wild barley allelopathic water extracts with herbicide may allow a reduction exceeding 50% and improve weed management and wheat yield parameters.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Combining allelopathic water extracts from wild barley with herbicide applicationse0
- Outcome
- weed managemente0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Qualifier
- may result in a reduction exceeding 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combining allelopathic water extracts from wild barley with herbicide applications may result in a reduction exceeding 50%, thereby enhancing weed management and increasing wheat yield parameters”
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