Abstract
Understanding the interactions among biochar, plants, soils, and microbial communities is essential for developing effective and eco-friendly soil remediation strategies. This study investigates the role of cystamine-modified biochar (Cys-BC) in alleviating cadmium (Cd) toxicity in lettuce, comparing its effects to those of raw biochar. Lettuce plants were exposed to Cd stress (1–5 mg kg−1), and the effects of Cys-BC were assessed by measuring plant biomass, photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidant activity, Cd bioavailability, and soil microbial diversity. Cys-BC significantly enhanced plant biomass, with increases in above-ground growth (40.54–44.95%) and root biomass (37.54–47.44%) compared to Cd-stressed controls. Photosynthetic parameters improved by up to 91.02% for chlorophyll-a content and 37.93% for the net photosynthetic rate. Cys-BC mitigated oxidative stress, increasing antioxidant activities by 73.83% to 99.39%. Additionally, Cys-BC reduced available Cd levels in the soil, primarily through enhanced cation exchange rather than changes in pH. Plant responses to Cd stress included increased glutathione reductase activity and elevated cysteine levels, which further contributed to Cd passivation. Microbial diversity in the soil increased, particularly among sulfur- and nitrogen-cycling bacteria such as Deltaproteobacteria and Nitrospira, suggesting their role in mitigating Cd stress. These findings highlight the potential of Cys-BC as an effective agent for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soils.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Cys-BC increased above-ground growth of Cd-stressed lettuce by 40.54-44.95% compared with Cd-stressed controls.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- Cys-BCe0
- Outcome
- above-ground growthe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 40.54–44.95%e0
- Comparator
- Cd-stressed controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce”
e0“Cys-BC significantly enhanced plant biomass, with increases in above-ground growth (40.54–44.95%)”
e1“compared to Cd-stressed controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Cys-BC increased root biomass of Cd-stressed lettuce by 37.54-47.44% compared with Cd-stressed controls.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Cys-BCe0
- Outcome
- root biomasse0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 37.54–47.44%e0
- Comparator
- Cd-stressed controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce”
e0“Cys-BC significantly enhanced plant biomass, with increases in above-ground growth (40.54–44.95%) and root biomass (37.54–47.44%)”
e1“compared to Cd-stressed controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Cys-BC improved chlorophyll-a content of Cd-stressed lettuce by up to 91.02%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Cys-BCe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll-a contente1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 91.02%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce”
e0“Cys-BC significantly enhanced plant biomass”
e1“Photosynthetic parameters improved by up to 91.02% for chlorophyll-a content”
Claim · model-written summary
Cys-BC improved the net photosynthetic rate of Cd-stressed lettuce by up to 37.93%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Cys-BCe0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 37.93%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce”
e0“Cys-BC significantly enhanced plant biomass”
e1“Photosynthetic parameters improved by up to 91.02% for chlorophyll-a content and 37.93% for the net photosynthetic rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Cys-BC mitigated oxidative stress in Cd-stressed lettuce, increasing antioxidant activities by 73.83% to 99.39%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Cys-BCe0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitiese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 73.83% to 99.39%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce”
e0“Cys-BC mitigated oxidative stress, increasing antioxidant activities by 73.83% to 99.39%”
Claim · model-written summary
Cys-BC reduced available Cd levels in the soil.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Cys-BCe0
- Outcome
- available Cd levels in the soile0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce”
e0“Cys-BC reduced available Cd levels in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
The reduction in soil available Cd by Cys-BC was attributed primarily to enhanced cation exchange rather than to changes in pH.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- enhanced cation exchangee0
- Qualifier
- rather than changes in pHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce”
e0“primarily through enhanced cation exchange rather than changes in pH”
Claim · model-written summary
Under Cd stress, lettuce plants showed increased glutathione reductase activity and elevated cysteine levels, which contributed to Cd passivation.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- glutathione reductase activity and elevated cysteine levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce”
e0“Plant responses to Cd stress included increased glutathione reductase activity and elevated cysteine levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil microbial diversity increased with Cys-BC, particularly among sulfur- and nitrogen-cycling bacteria such as Deltaproteobacteria and Nitrospira.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- Cys-BCe0
- Interactor
- DeltaproteobacteriaDeltaproteobacteriae1other
- Second interactor
- NitrospiraNitrospirae1other
- Outcome
- Microbial diversity in the soile1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce”
e0“Cys-BC significantly enhanced plant biomass”
e1“Microbial diversity in the soil increased, particularly among sulfur- and nitrogen-cycling bacteria such as Deltaproteobacteria and Nitrospira”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that the sulfur- and nitrogen-cycling bacteria Deltaproteobacteria and Nitrospira play a role in mitigating Cd stress.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- mitigating Cd stresse0
- Qualifier
- suggesting their rolee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce”
e0“suggesting their role in mitigating Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that Cys-BC has potential as an effective agent for remediation of Cd-contaminated soils.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Outcome
- remediation of Cd-contaminated soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lettuce”
e0“the potential of Cys-BC as an effective agent for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soils”
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