Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are commonly found in heavy metal-contaminated environments and form extraradical mycelium (ERM), but knowledge of their ecological functions is limited. In the present study, a soil column was filled with sterilized cadmium (Cd)-contaminated soil and contained an in-growth core for AMF-inoculated maize seedling growth. The in-growth core was static to maintain or rotated to disrupt ERM growth. Compared with the static treatment, the rotation treatment caused significant decreases in the content of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), the photosynthetic physiology of leaves, and maize growth, while increasing the Cd content in shoots and roots by 64 and 82%, respectively; additionally, the rotation treatment resulted in increases in the Cd concentration of the soil solution inside and outside the growth core by 30–38 and 17–52%, respectively, and Cd leaching loss by 29–39%. Moreover, the rotation treatment significantly altered the Cd forms in the soil solution and leachate, increasing the proportion of free Cd 2+ by 0.8–2.1% and decreasing the proportions of CdSO 4 (aq) and CdOH + by 6.1–56.1% and 26.1–48.7%, respectively. The structural equation model indicated that AMF directly and indirectly reduced maize Cd uptake and Cd leaching loss by decreasing Cd availability in the soil and soil solution through the GRSP secreted by ERM. Thus, AMF plays a crucial role in inhibiting Cd migration in soil through mycelial exudates.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Core rotation decreased glomalin-related soil protein relative to static cores.
- Treatment
- rotation treatmente0
- Outcome
- content of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP)e0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Comparator
- static treatmente0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the static treatment, the rotation treatment caused significant decreases in the content of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP)”
e1“AMF-inoculated maize seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Core rotation decreased maize leaf photosynthetic physiology relative to static cores.
- Treatment
- rotation treatmente0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic physiology of leavese0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Comparator
- static treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the static treatment, the rotation treatment caused significant decreases in the content of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), the photosynthetic physiology of leaves, and maize growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Core rotation decreased maize growth relative to static cores.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the static treatment, the rotation treatment caused significant decreases in the content of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), the photosynthetic physiology of leaves, and maize growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Core rotation increased maize shoot cadmium content by 64%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rotation treatment caused significant decreases in the content of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), the photosynthetic physiology of leaves, and maize growth, while increasing the Cd content in shoots and roots by 64 and 82%, respectively”
e1“AMF-inoculated maize seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Core rotation increased maize root cadmium content by 82%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rotation treatment caused significant decreases in the content of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP), the photosynthetic physiology of leaves, and maize growth, while increasing the Cd content in shoots and roots by 64 and 82%, respectively”
e1“AMF-inoculated maize seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Core rotation increased Cd concentration of soil solution inside the core by 30–38%.
- Treatment
- rotation treatmente0
- Outcome
- Cd concentration of the soil solution insidee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 30–38e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rotation treatment resulted in increases in the Cd concentration of the soil solution inside and outside the growth core by 30–38 and 17–52%, respectively”
e1“AMF-inoculated maize seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Core rotation increased Cd concentration of soil solution outside the core by 17–52%.
- Treatment
- rotation treatmente0
- Outcome
- Cd concentration of the soil solution inside and outside the growth coree0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 17–52%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rotation treatment resulted in increases in the Cd concentration of the soil solution inside and outside the growth core by 30–38 and 17–52%, respectively”
e1“AMF-inoculated maize seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Core rotation increased cadmium leaching loss by 29–39%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cd leaching loss by 29–39%”
e1“the rotation treatment resulted in increases in the Cd concentration of the soil solution inside and outside the growth core by 30–38 and 17–52%, respectively, and Cd leaching loss by 29–39%”
e2“AMF-inoculated maize seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Core rotation increased the proportion of free Cd 2+ by 0.8–2.1%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rotation treatment significantly altered the Cd forms in the soil solution and leachate, increasing the proportion of free Cd 2+ by 0.8–2.1%”
e1“AMF-inoculated maize seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Core rotation decreased CdSO 4 (aq) proportion by 6.1–56.1%.
- Treatment
- rotation treatmente1
- Outcome
- proportions of CdSO 4 (aq)e0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 6.1–56.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreasing the proportions of CdSO 4 (aq) and CdOH + by 6.1–56.1% and 26.1–48.7%, respectively”
e1“the rotation treatment significantly altered the Cd forms in the soil solution and leachate”
e2“AMF-inoculated maize seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Core rotation decreased CdOH + proportion by 26.1–48.7%.
- Treatment
- rotation treatmente1
- Outcome
- proportions of CdSO 4 (aq) and CdOH +e0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- 26.1–48.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreasing the proportions of CdSO 4 (aq) and CdOH + by 6.1–56.1% and 26.1–48.7%, respectively”
e1“the rotation treatment significantly altered the Cd forms in the soil solution and leachate”
e2“AMF-inoculated maize seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The model indicated AMF reduced maize Cd uptake through GRSP-mediated lower Cd availability.
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- maize Cd uptakee0
- Qualifier
- decreasing Cd availability in the soil and soil solution through the GRSP secreted by ERMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The structural equation model indicated that AMF directly and indirectly reduced maize Cd uptake and Cd leaching loss by decreasing Cd availability in the soil and soil solution through the GRSP secreted by ERM”
Claim · model-written summary
The model indicated AMF reduced Cd leaching loss through GRSP-mediated lower Cd availability.
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Cd leaching losse0
- Qualifier
- decreasing Cd availability in the soil and soil solution through the GRSP secreted by ERMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The structural equation model indicated that AMF directly and indirectly reduced maize Cd uptake and Cd leaching loss by decreasing Cd availability in the soil and soil solution through the GRSP secreted by ERM”
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