Abstract
• Mg leaching results in soil Mg imbalance and depletion in citrus orchards. • Mg fertilization alleviates the soil Mg imbalance in citrus plantation systems. • Mg leaching accounted for 12.1–42.4% of Mg fertilizer application in a citrus orchard. Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is becoming a limiting factor for citrus production in acid soils of subtropical and tropical zones. It is speculated that soil Mg leaching and thereby its imbalance may be a major cause of yield decline, yet Mg deficiency in citrus receives little attention. A two-year field experiment was therefore conducted to quantify soil Mg leaching in a typical citrus orchard in China fertilized with varying levels of Mg (Mg 0 , no Mg fertilizer; Mg 45 , 45 kg MgO ha –1 yr –1 ; Mg 90 , 90 kg MgO ha –1 yr –1 ; Mg18 0 , 180 kg MgO ha –1 yr –1 ). Results showed that Mg application significantly increased citrus fruit yield by 4.1–16.4% compared with where MgO was not added. The average amount of soil Mg leaching was 65.7 kg ha –1 yr –1 where no Mg fertilizer was added, while it reached up to 91.3 kg Mg ha –1 yr –1 where MgO was added at the rate of 180 kg ha –1 . Over the 4 treatments, Mg leaching accounted for 12.1–42.4% of the applied Mg fertilizer. Mg leaching and its removal through harvested fruits resulted in an orchard soil Mg balance of –69.9, –51.1, –27.4 and 10.9 kg ha –1 in the Mg 0 , Mg 45 , Mg 90 and Mg 180 , treatments, respectively. The pH values of leachate from the acid soil were alkaline and it contained higher amounts of calcium and potassium than that of Mg. Considering the high leaching of Mg from the acid soils of citrus orchards, applications of Mg fertilizer or Mg-fortified soil conditioner are vital to sustain soil Mg balance, high fruit yield and fruit quality in citrus production systems in humid subtropical regions.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium application significantly increased citrus fruit yield by 4.1–16.4% relative to no MgO.
- Treatment
- Mg applicatione0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.1–16.4%e0
- Comparator
- where MgO was not addede0
CitrusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mg application significantly increased citrus fruit yield by 4.1–16.4% compared with where MgO was not added.”
Claim · model-written summary
Without Mg fertilizer, soil magnesium leaching averaged 65.7 kg ha–1 yr–1.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The average amount of soil Mg leaching was 65.7 kg ha –1 yr –1 where no Mg fertilizer was added”
Claim · model-written summary
At 180 kg ha–1 MgO, magnesium leaching reached 91.3 kg Mg ha–1 yr–1.
- Treatment
- MgO was added at the rate of 180 kg ha –1e0
- Outcome
- Mg leachingt0
- Value
- 91.3 kg Mg ha –1 yr –1e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“it reached up to 91.3 kg Mg ha –1 yr –1 where MgO was added at the rate of 180 kg ha –1”
t0“soil Mg leaching was 65.7”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaching accounted for 12.1–42.4% of applied magnesium fertilizer across treatments.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Mg leaching accounted for 12.1–42.4% of the applied Mg fertilizer.”
Claim · model-written summary
The Mg0 orchard treatment had a soil Mg balance of –69.9 kg ha–1.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“an orchard soil Mg balance of –69.9, –51.1, –27.4 and 10.9 kg ha –1 in the Mg 0 , Mg 45 , Mg 90 and Mg 180 , treatments, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
The Mg45 orchard treatment had a soil Mg balance of –51.1 kg ha–1.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“an orchard soil Mg balance of –69.9, –51.1, –27.4 and 10.9 kg ha –1 in the Mg 0 , Mg 45 , Mg 90 and Mg 180 , treatments, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
The Mg90 orchard treatment had a soil Mg balance of –27.4 kg ha–1.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“an orchard soil Mg balance of –69.9, –51.1, –27.4 and 10.9 kg ha –1 in the Mg 0 , Mg 45 , Mg 90 and Mg 180 , treatments, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
The Mg180 orchard treatment had a soil Mg balance of 10.9 kg ha–1.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“an orchard soil Mg balance of –69.9, –51.1, –27.4 and 10.9 kg ha –1 in the Mg 0 , Mg 45 , Mg 90 and Mg 180 , treatments, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leachate from acid soil was alkaline.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The pH values of leachate from the acid soil were alkaline”
Claim · model-written summary
Leachate contained higher calcium and potassium amounts than magnesium.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“it contained higher amounts of calcium and potassium than that of Mg.”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium fertilizer or fortified conditioner is recommended to sustain soil Mg balance, yield and fruit quality.
- Treatment
- Mg fertilizer or Mg-fortified soil conditionere0
- Outcome
- soil Mg balance, high fruit yield and fruit qualitye0
- Setting
- humid subtropical regionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“applications of Mg fertilizer or Mg-fortified soil conditioner are vital to sustain soil Mg balance, high fruit yield and fruit quality in citrus production systems in humid subtropical regions.”
The same questions in other papers
magnesium atom · yield · CitrusResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.