Abstract
The pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of the most significant legumes in the world.This species is rich in proteins, vitamins, minerals and bioactive compounds that benefit human health.Although the symbiosis between atmospheric nitrogenfixing bacteria (Rhizobium) and legume plants is well known, farmers apply nitrogen fertilizers to pea crops.It should be noted that imbalances due to excess nitrogen in plants cause population increases of insect pests.The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of three levels of nitrogen [(N0= unfertilized, 0 Kg N ha -1 ), (N1= medium level, 30 Kg N ha -1 ), (N2= High level, 60 Kg N ha -1 )] and two infestation status (control and herbivory) on pea plants (dry weight) and its influence on the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum.Our results indicate that high levels of nitrogen significantly increased the biomass of the aerial parts and its pods, unlike to others.However, root nodule biomass decreased significantly by increasing nitrogen.On the other hand, the aphid population was higher in plants at medium nitrogen level, in contrast to the rest.Whereas, A. pisum was mainly attracted to leaflets from plants over-fertilized (N2).Thus, the excess of nitrogen promoted the growth of pea plants, increasing the attraction and reproduction of the aphid A. pisum, due to the greater availability of food.However, the Rhizobium-legume interaction was inhibited by nitrogen applied.Therefore, further studies of the effect of inorganic nitrogen fertilization on symbiotic bacteria and plant defenses are required, to develop suitable minimum fertilization programs for crops, avoiding the loss of inputs, increases in pest populations, and inhibition of growth-promoting microorganisms, within the context of clean and sustainable agriculture.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen levels significantly increased the biomass of the aerial parts and pods of pea.
- Taxon
- pea
Lathyrus oleraceust0 - Treatment
- high levels of nitrogene0
- Outcome
- biomass of the aerial parts and its podse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea plants”
e0“high levels of nitrogen significantly increased the biomass of the aerial parts and its pods”
Claim · model-written summary
Root nodule biomass of pea decreased significantly with increasing nitrogen.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- increasing nitrogene0
- Outcome
- root nodule biomasse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea plants”
e0“root nodule biomass decreased significantly by increasing nitrogen”
Claim · model-written summary
The aphid population was higher on pea plants at medium nitrogen level.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- medium nitrogen levele0
- Interactor
- aphide0pest
- Outcome
- aphid populatione0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea plants”
e0“the aphid population was higher in plants at medium nitrogen level”
Claim · model-written summary
Acyrthosiphon pisum was mainly attracted to leaflets from over-fertilized (N2) pea plants.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- leafletse0
- Treatment
- over-fertilized (N2)e0
- Interactor
- A. pisum
-PLoS.jpg?width=60)
Acyrthosiphon pisume0pest - Outcome
- attracted to leafletse0
- Direction
- mainly attractede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
-PLoS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“pea plants”
e0“A. pisum was mainly attracted to leaflets from plants over-fertilized (N2)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute the increased attraction and reproduction of the aphid A. pisum under excess nitrogen to greater food availability.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- excess of nitrogene0
- Interactor
- aphide0pest
- Outcome
- attraction and reproduction of the aphid A. pisume0
- Qualifier
- due to the greater availability of foode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea plants”
e0“the excess of nitrogen promoted the growth of pea plants, increasing the attraction and reproduction of the aphid A. pisum, due to the greater availability of food”
Claim · model-written summary
The Rhizobium-legume interaction was inhibited by the nitrogen applied.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- nitrogen appliede0
- Outcome
- Rhizobium-legume interactione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
RhizobiumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea plants”
e0“the Rhizobium-legume interaction was inhibited by nitrogen applied”
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