Abstract
The article presents the results of a three-year study (2020−2022) aimed at determining the effect of N fertilization (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg ha −1 ) on biomass yields (seeds alone or seeds and straw) and the energy balance of white mustard ( Sinapis alba L.) produced in a large-area farm in Poland. The demand for energy in the production technology without N fertilization ranged from 6.9 (seeds) to 7.4 GJ ha −1 (seeds and straw). Nitrogen increased energy inputs by 3.1−3.4 GJ ha −1 per every 40 kg N ha −1 . Seed and straw yields were 1.24−1.53 and 1.27−2.09 Mg ha −1 DM, respectively. Seed and straw yields peaked in response to the N rates of 160 and 120 kg ha −1 , respectively. The energy output of seeds and total biomass was lowest in the production technology without N fertilization (28.9 and 55.8 GJ ha –1 , respectively). Nitrogen application increased the energy output of seeds and total biomass by 37.4 % and 28.7 %, respectively. The energy gain from total biomass was 2.5 times higher than the energy gain from seeds (53.0 vs . 20.8 GJ ha –1 ). Nitrogen fertilization decreased the energy gain from seeds and increased the energy gain from total biomass. The energy efficiency ratio of the white mustard production technology was determined at 2.58–3.17 (seeds) and 3.70–7.55 (total biomass). The energy efficiency ratio of seeds and total biomass was highest in treatments without N fertilization. In treatments supplied with N, this parameter decreased by 18.3–26.0 % (40 kg N ha –1 ) and 35.9–51.6 % (80–160 kg N ha –1 ). • Energy inputs ranged from 6.9–7.4 (0 kg N ha –1 ) to 19.6–20.1 GJ ha –1 (160 kg N ha –1 ). • Seed and straw yields reached 1.24–1.53 and 1.27–2.09 Mg ha –1 DM, respectively. • N increased the energy output of seeds and total biomass by 37 % and 29 %, respectively. • N decreased the energy gain form seeds and increased the energy gain from total biomass. • N decreased the energy efficiency ratio by 18–52 %.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Without nitrogen, production energy inputs were 6.9–7.4 GJ ha−1.
- Taxon
- white mustard
Sinapis albat0 - Treatment
- without N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- demand for energye0
- Value
- 6.9 (seeds) to 7.4 GJ ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The demand for energy in the production technology without N fertilization ranged from 6.9 (seeds) to 7.4 GJ ha −1 (seeds and straw).”
t0“White mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Each 40 kg N ha−1 increased energy inputs by 3.1–3.4 GJ ha−1.
- Taxon
- white mustardSinapis albat0
- Treatment
- 40 kg N ha −1e0
- Outcome
- energy inputse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.1−3.4 GJ ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen increased energy inputs by 3.1−3.4 GJ ha −1 per every 40 kg N ha −1”
t0“White mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield ranged from 1.24 to 1.53 Mg ha−1 DM.
- Taxon
- white mustardSinapis albat0
- Outcome
- Seede0
- Value
- 1.24−1.53e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed and straw yields were 1.24−1.53 and 1.27−2.09 Mg ha −1 DM, respectively.”
t0“White mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw yield ranged from 1.27 to 2.09 Mg ha−1 DM.
- Taxon
- white mustardSinapis albat0
- Outcome
- straw yieldse0
- Value
- 1.27−2.09 Mg ha −1 DMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed and straw yields were 1.24−1.53 and 1.27−2.09 Mg ha −1 DM, respectively.”
t0“White mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield peaked at 160 kg ha−1 nitrogen.
- Taxon
- white mustardSinapis albat0
- Treatment
- 160e0
- Outcome
- Seede0
- Direction
- peakede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed and straw yields peaked in response to the N rates of 160 and 120 kg ha −1 , respectively.”
t0“White mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw yield peaked at 120 kg ha−1 nitrogen.
- Taxon
- white mustardSinapis albat0
- Treatment
- 120 kg ha −1e0
- Outcome
- straw yieldse0
- Direction
- peakede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed and straw yields peaked in response to the N rates of 160 and 120 kg ha −1 , respectively.”
t0“White mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Without N, seed energy output was lowest at 28.9 GJ ha−1.
- Taxon
- white mustardSinapis albat0
- Treatment
- without N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- energy output of seedse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 28.9e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The energy output of seeds and total biomass was lowest in the production technology without N fertilization (28.9 and 55.8 GJ ha –1 , respectively).”
t0“White mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Without N, total biomass energy output was lowest at 55.8 GJ ha−1.
- Taxon
- white mustardSinapis albat0
- Treatment
- without N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- energy output of seeds and total biomasse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 55.8 GJ ha –1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The energy output of seeds and total biomass was lowest in the production technology without N fertilization (28.9 and 55.8 GJ ha –1 , respectively).”
t0“White mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen raised seed energy output by 37.4%.
- Taxon
- white mustardSinapis albat0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- energy output of seedse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 37.4 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen application increased the energy output of seeds and total biomass by 37.4 % and 28.7 %, respectively.”
t0“White mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen raised total biomass energy output by 28.7%.
- Taxon
- white mustardSinapis albat0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- energy output of seeds and total biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28.7 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen application increased the energy output of seeds and total biomass by 37.4 % and 28.7 %, respectively.”
t0“White mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Total biomass energy gain was 2.5 times seed energy gain.
- Taxon
- white mustardSinapis albat0
- Outcome
- energy gain from total biomasse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.5 timese0
- Comparator
- energy gain from seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The energy gain from total biomass was 2.5 times higher than the energy gain from seeds (53.0 vs . 20.8 GJ ha –1 ).”
t0“White mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen decreased seed energy gain.
- Taxon
- white mustardSinapis albat0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- energy gain from seedse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen fertilization decreased the energy gain from seeds”
t0“White mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen increased total biomass energy gain.
- Taxon
- white mustardSinapis albat0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- energy gain from total biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen fertilization decreased the energy gain from seeds and increased the energy gain from total biomass.”
t0“White mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed energy efficiency ratios ranged 2.58–3.17.
- Taxon
- white mustardSinapis albae0
- Outcome
- energy efficiency ratioe0
- Value
- 2.58–3.17e0
- Qualifier
- seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The energy efficiency ratio of the white mustard production technology was determined at 2.58–3.17 (seeds) and 3.70–7.55 (total biomass).”
Claim · model-written summary
Total biomass energy efficiency ratios ranged 3.70–7.55.
- Taxon
- white mustardSinapis albae0
- Outcome
- energy efficiency ratioe0
- Value
- 3.70–7.55e0
- Qualifier
- total biomasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The energy efficiency ratio of the white mustard production technology was determined at 2.58–3.17 (seeds) and 3.70–7.55 (total biomass).”
Claim · model-written summary
Energy efficiency ratio was highest without N.
- Taxon
- white mustardSinapis albat0
- Treatment
- without N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- energy efficiency ratio of seeds and total biomasse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The energy efficiency ratio of seeds and total biomass was highest in treatments without N fertilization.”
t0“White mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
At 40 kg N ha−1 energy efficiency ratio declined by 18.3–26.0%.
- Taxon
- white mustardSinapis albat0
- Treatment
- 40 kg N ha –1e0
- Outcome
- this parametere0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 18.3–26.0 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this parameter decreased by 18.3–26.0 % (40 kg N ha –1 )”
t0“White mustard”
Claim · model-written summary
At 80–160 kg N ha−1 energy efficiency ratio declined by 35.9–51.6%.
- Taxon
- white mustardSinapis albat0
- Treatment
- 80–160 kg N ha –1e0
- Outcome
- this parametere0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 35.9–51.6 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this parameter decreased by 18.3–26.0 % (40 kg N ha –1 ) and 35.9–51.6 % (80–160 kg N ha –1 ).”
t0“White mustard”
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