Abstract
• Spermidine increases proline, protein, Na, K and nitrat reductase levels in cabbages. • Spermidine enhances phenol, anthocyanin, and antioxidant capacity in cabbages. • Spermidine affects glucoraphanin, gluconapin, glucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin. • Nanocapsulated spermidine is more beneficial for nutritional characteristics. • Spermidine (0, 1 mM) is effective for cabbage growth parameters. The rising global demand for sustainable agricultural practices highlights the need for interventions that enhance plant growth and nutritional content. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of spermidine, both in free (SP1) and nanocapsulated (SP-N) forms, on various cabbage varieties, including VAR1: Brassica oleracea var. scarlet kale (Ka-Scarlet), VAR12: Brassica oleracea var. dwarf blue curled kale (Ka-red), VAR3: Brassica oleracea var. collard (Vates) (Collard), VAR4: ( Brassica oleracea var. italica) (Broccoli), VAR5: Brassica oleracea var. lacinato (Kale), and VAR6: Brassica oleracea var. long island (Brussels), specifically targeting their growth parameters and nutritional composition. Treatments included a control group, free spermidine, and nanocapsulated spermidine, with applications every 10 days for two months. The results revealed that free spermidine (SP1) significantly enhanced growth parameters, resulting in notable increases in fresh shoot weight, leaf count, and root biomass across all strains. Most importantly, it improved the levels of glucosinolates such as glucoraphanin, gluconapin, glucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin. Conversely, nanocapsulated spermidine (SP-N) was more effective in boosting photosynthetic pigment and antioxidant capacities, suggesting a distinct advantage in nutritional characteristics. Both treatments increased proline and protein content, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and overall antioxidant activity across all varieties, indicating their potential to improve growth and nutritional quality. Among the tested cabbage varieties, VAR2 exhibited the most significant responses, showing the highest values for fresh shoot weight, leaf count, fresh and dry root weights, and elevated antioxidant enzyme activity. Furthermore, VAR2 exhibited higher levels of glucoraphanin and glucobrassicin than the other variants. These findings suggest that cabbage breeders can leverage the application of spermidine, particularly in its nanocapsulated form, to enhance growth and nutritional quality in their cultivars, ultimately leading to more resilient and nutrient-rich cabbage varieties.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Free spermidine (SP1) significantly enhanced growth parameters of cabbage relative to the control group.
- Taxon
- cabbage
Brassica oleracea var. capitatat0 - Treatment
- free spermidine (SP1)e0
- Outcome
- growth parameterse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- fresh shoot weight, leaf count, and root biomasse1
- Comparator
- control groupe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“six cabbage varieties”
e0“free spermidine (SP1) significantly enhanced growth parameters”
e1“notable increases in fresh shoot weight, leaf count, and root biomass across all strains”
e2“Treatments included a control group, free spermidine, and nanocapsulated spermidine”
Claim · model-written summary
Free spermidine (SP1) improved the levels of glucoraphanin, gluconapin and glucobrassicin in cabbage relative to the control group.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- free spermidine (SP1)e0
- Outcome
- levels of glucosinolatese2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Qualifier
- glucoraphanin, gluconapin, glucobrassicine2
- Comparator
- control groupe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“six cabbage varieties”
e0“free spermidine (SP1) significantly enhanced growth parameters”
e1“Treatments included a control group, free spermidine, and nanocapsulated spermidine”
e2“it improved the levels of glucosinolates such as glucoraphanin, gluconapin, glucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin”
Claim · model-written summary
Free spermidine (SP1) improved gluconasturtiin levels in cabbage relative to the control group.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- free spermidine (SP1)e0
- Outcome
- levels of glucosinolatese2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Qualifier
- gluconasturtiine2
- Comparator
- control groupe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“six cabbage varieties”
e0“free spermidine (SP1) significantly enhanced growth parameters”
e1“Treatments included a control group, free spermidine, and nanocapsulated spermidine”
e2“it improved the levels of glucosinolates such as glucoraphanin, gluconapin, glucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanocapsulated spermidine (SP-N) was more effective than free spermidine (SP1) in boosting photosynthetic pigment and antioxidant capacities in cabbage.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- nanocapsulated spermidine (SP-N)e0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigment and antioxidant capacitiese0
- Direction
- boostinge0
- Comparator
- free spermidine (SP1)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“six cabbage varieties”
e0“Conversely, nanocapsulated spermidine (SP-N) was more effective in boosting photosynthetic pigment and antioxidant capacities”
e1“free spermidine (SP1) significantly enhanced growth parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Free and nanocapsulated spermidine both increased proline and protein content in cabbage relative to the control group.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- free spermidine, and nanocapsulated spermidinee1
- Outcome
- proline and protein contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control groupe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“six cabbage varieties”
e0“Both treatments increased proline and protein content”
e1“Treatments included a control group, free spermidine, and nanocapsulated spermidine”
Claim · model-written summary
Free and nanocapsulated spermidine both increased phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and overall antioxidant activity in cabbage relative to the control group.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- free spermidine, and nanocapsulated spermidinee1
- Outcome
- phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and overall antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control groupe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“six cabbage varieties”
e0“Both treatments increased proline and protein content, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and overall antioxidant activity across all varieties”
e1“Treatments included a control group, free spermidine, and nanocapsulated spermidine”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine increased Na, K and nitrate reductase levels in cabbages relative to the control group.
- Taxon
- cabbagesBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Treatment
- Spermidinee0
- Outcome
- Na, K and nitrat reductase levelse0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Comparator
- control groupe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spermidine increases proline, protein, Na, K and nitrat reductase levels in cabbages”
e1“Treatments included a control group, free spermidine, and nanocapsulated spermidine”
Claim · model-written summary
VAR2 had the highest fresh shoot weight, leaf count, and fresh and dry root weights among the tested cabbage varieties.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Material
- VAR2e0
- Outcome
- fresh shoot weight, leaf count, fresh and dry root weightse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“six cabbage varieties”
e0“VAR2 exhibited the most significant responses, showing the highest values for fresh shoot weight, leaf count, fresh and dry root weights”
Claim · model-written summary
VAR2 had elevated antioxidant enzyme activity among the tested cabbage varieties.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Material
- VAR2e0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitye1
- Direction
- elevatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“six cabbage varieties”
e0“VAR2 exhibited the most significant responses, showing the highest values for fresh shoot weight, leaf count, fresh and dry root weights”
e1“elevated antioxidant enzyme activity”
Claim · model-written summary
VAR2 had higher glucoraphanin and glucobrassicin levels than the other cabbage varieties.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Material
- VAR2e0
- Outcome
- levels of glucoraphanin and glucobrassicine0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- the other variantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“six cabbage varieties”
e0“VAR2 exhibited higher levels of glucoraphanin and glucobrassicin than the other variants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend that cabbage breeders apply spermidine, particularly nanocapsulated, to enhance growth and nutritional quality of cultivars.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Treatment
- application of spermidine, particularly in its nanocapsulated forme0
- Outcome
- growth and nutritional qualitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These findings suggest that cabbage breeders can leverage the application of spermidine, particularly in its nanocapsulated form, to enhance growth and nutritional quality in their cultivars”
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See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.