Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency is a pervasive agricultural concern on a global scale. Intercropping plays a pivotal role in activating soil nutrient cycling and crop nutrient uptake and utilization. This study integrates plant physiology, soil physicochemical determination, high-throughput sequencing, and metabolomics techniques to conduct pot experiments using field-collected soils with soybean and maize plants. This study aims to investigate the mechanisms through which microorganisms in a soybean–maize intercropping system regulate Fe deficiency adaptation. The results revealed that intercropping enhances the resilience of soybean and maize in Fe-deficient environments, facilitates nutrient absorption by plants, and enriches soil nutrient content. Moreover, intercropping fostered more intricate microbial interactions in comparison to monocropping. The dominant microorganisms in the rhizosphere of intercropped soybean and maize included genera Microbacterium, Sphingomonas, Shinella, and Rhizobium. Microbacterium, Sphingomonas, Shinella, and Rhizobium have the potential to produce Fe chelators or enhance plant Fe absorption. Additionally, intercropping notably modified the composition of root exudates derived from soybean and maize. The soybean and maize rhizosphere exhibited significant enrichment with oleamide, coumestrol, glycitein, and daidzein. Coumestrol may have an effect of promoting Fe absorption, and it is significantly positively correlated with the genus Nakamurella in the maize rhizosphere and the genus Pirellula in the soybean rhizosphere. Consequently, these findings suggested that the rhizosphere of intercropped soybean and maize significantly enriches specific microbial communities and root exudates, thereby enhancing microecosystem stability and improving plant tolerance to Fe deficiency.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping enhanced soybean resilience under iron deficiency.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- resiliencee0
- Direction
- enhancese0
- Qualifier
- Fe-deficient environmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intercropping enhances the resilience of soybean and maize in Fe-deficient environments”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping enhanced maize resilience under iron deficiency.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intercropping enhances the resilience of soybean and maize in Fe-deficient environments”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping facilitated plant nutrient absorption.
- Taxon
- soybean and maizeGlycine max
Zea mayse0 - Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- nutrient absorption by plantse0
- Direction
- facilitatese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intercropping enhances the resilience of soybean and maize in Fe-deficient environments, facilitates nutrient absorption by plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping enriched soil nutrients.
- Taxon
- soybean and maizeGlycine maxZea mayse0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- soil nutrient contente0
- Direction
- enrichese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intercropping enhances the resilience of soybean and maize in Fe-deficient environments, facilitates nutrient absorption by plants, and enriches soil nutrient content”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping increased complexity of microbial interactions relative to monocropping.
- Taxon
- soybean and maizeGlycine maxZea mayst0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- microbial interactionse0
- Direction
- more intricatee0
- Comparator
- monocroppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intercropping fostered more intricate microbial interactions in comparison to monocropping”
t0“Soybean and Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbacterium was dominant in intercropped soybean and maize rhizospheres.
- Taxon
- soybean and maizeGlycine maxZea mayse0
- Interactor
- Microbacterium
.jpg?width=60)
Microbacteriume0symbiont - Outcome
- dominant microorganisms in the rhizospheree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“dominant microorganisms in the rhizosphere of intercropped soybean and maize included genera Microbacterium, Sphingomonas, Shinella, and Rhizobium”
Claim · model-written summary
Sphingomonas was dominant in intercropped soybean and maize rhizospheres.
- Taxon
- soybean and maizeGlycine maxZea mayse0
- Interactor
- Sphingomonas
Sphingomonase0symbiont - Outcome
- dominant microorganisms in the rhizospheree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dominant microorganisms in the rhizosphere of intercropped soybean and maize included genera Microbacterium, Sphingomonas, Shinella, and Rhizobium”
Claim · model-written summary
Shinella was dominant in intercropped soybean and maize rhizospheres.
- Taxon
- soybean and maizeGlycine maxZea mayse0
- Outcome
- dominant microorganisms in the rhizospheree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dominant microorganisms in the rhizosphere of intercropped soybean and maize included genera Microbacterium, Sphingomonas, Shinella, and Rhizobium”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium was dominant in intercropped soybean and maize rhizospheres.
- Taxon
- soybean and maizeGlycine maxZea mayse0
- Outcome
- dominant microorganisms in the rhizospheree0
RhizobiumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dominant microorganisms in the rhizosphere of intercropped soybean and maize included genera Microbacterium, Sphingomonas, Shinella, and Rhizobium”
Claim · model-written summary
The named rhizosphere genera may produce iron chelators or enhance iron absorption.
- Taxon
- soybean and maizeGlycine maxZea mayst0
- Interactor
- MicrobacteriumMicrobacteriume0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant Fe absorptione0
- Qualifier
- have the potentiale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microbacterium, Sphingomonas, Shinella, and Rhizobium have the potential to produce Fe chelators or enhance plant Fe absorption”
t0“Soybean and Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping modified soybean and maize root exudate composition.
- Taxon
- soybean and maizeGlycine maxZea mayse0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- composition of root exudatese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“intercropping notably modified the composition of root exudates derived from soybean and maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Oleamide, coumestrol, glycitein and daidzein were enriched in the rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- soybean and maizeGlycine maxZea mayse0
- Organ / stage
- rhizospheree0
- Outcome
- enrichment with oleamide, coumestrol, glycitein, and daidzeine0
- Direction
- enrichmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soybean and maize rhizosphere exhibited significant enrichment with oleamide, coumestrol, glycitein, and daidzein”
Claim · model-written summary
Coumestrol may promote iron absorption.
- Taxon
- soybean and maizeGlycine maxZea mayst0
- Compound
- Coumestrole0
- Outcome
- Fe absorptione0
- Direction
- promotinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Coumestrol may have an effect of promoting Fe absorption”
t0“Soybean and Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Coumestrol correlated positively with Nakamurella in the maize rhizosphere.
- Interactor
- NakamurellaNakamurellae0symbiont
- Compound
- Coumestrole0
- Outcome
- positively correlated with the genus Nakamurellae0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Coumestrol may have an effect of promoting Fe absorption, and it is significantly positively correlated with the genus Nakamurella in the maize rhizosphere”
Claim · model-written summary
Coumestrol correlated positively with Pirellula in the soybean rhizosphere.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Compound
- Coumestrole0
- Outcome
- the genus Pirellula in the soybean rhizospheree0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Coumestrol may have an effect of promoting Fe absorption, and it is significantly positively correlated with the genus Nakamurella in the maize rhizosphere and the genus Pirellula in the soybean rhizosphere”