Abstract
One of the major problems faced by agricultural sector all over the world is water scarcity. Water deficit stress in plants results in changes in the physiological, morphological, biochemical and molecular traits. Although water deficit stress has been reported to causes change in various parameters of many plants, but neither studied in Indian green leafy vegetable Spinacia oleracea nor have the mitigating effects of calcium chloride treatment been assessed. So, the present project was carried out with the objective to study the effect of water deficit condition on the growth performance of S. oleracea and the effect of calcium chloride treatment on morphology, anatomy, biochemistry and molecular regulation. Seeds of S. oleracea was allowed to germinate and grown for 7 days with normal irrigation and then divided into three groups (Group-1: Plants irrigated with normal conditions, Group-2: Created water deficit stress by low-frequency of water irrigation and Group-3: Water deficit stress induced plants treated with calcium chloride). Some morphological, anatomical and biochemical parameters were affected under the stress condition in S. oleracea and calcium chloride treatment was found to be ineffective. The results revealed that the number of leaves per plant (1.00–2.67), leaf size (1.36 × 0.53 cm), root length (3 cm), chlorophyll content (0.50–0.70 mg/g leaf) and superoxide dismutase activity (51.95 units/100 mg of leaf protein) were significantly decreased in water deficit stress exposed plants when compared to the control. Calcium chloride treatment improved the morphological characters like number of leaves (2.67–4), root length (3.10 cm), soluble sugar content (16.12 mg/g leaf) and anatomical features in S. oleracea plants. These results led to the conclusion that S. oleracea is sensitive to water deficit stress, and that CaCl₂ was moderately effective in mitigating the stress based on majority of the studied parameters. Hence, such treatment strategies could be improved and explored to overcome water deficit stress and also to improve the production of nutritionally important leafy vegetable S. oleracea .
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit significantly decreased the number of spinach leaves per plant (1.00–2.67).
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Treatment
- water deficit stresse1
- Outcome
- number of leaves per plante1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 1.00–2.67e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“water deficit stressed spinach plant”
e1“The results revealed that the number of leaves per plant (1.00–2.67), leaf size (1.36 × 0.53 cm), root length (3 cm), chlorophyll content (0.50–0.70 mg/g leaf) and superoxide dismutase activity (51.95 units/100 mg of leaf protein) were significantly decreased in water deficit stress exposed plants when compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit significantly decreased spinach leaf size (1.36 × 0.53 cm).
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- water deficit stresse1
- Outcome
- leaf sizee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 1.36 × 0.53 cme1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“water deficit stressed spinach plant”
e1“The results revealed that the number of leaves per plant (1.00–2.67), leaf size (1.36 × 0.53 cm), root length (3 cm), chlorophyll content (0.50–0.70 mg/g leaf) and superoxide dismutase activity (51.95 units/100 mg of leaf protein) were significantly decreased in water deficit stress exposed plants when compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit significantly decreased spinach root length (3 cm).
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- water deficit stresse1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 3 cme1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“water deficit stressed spinach plant”
e1“The results revealed that the number of leaves per plant (1.00–2.67), leaf size (1.36 × 0.53 cm), root length (3 cm), chlorophyll content (0.50–0.70 mg/g leaf) and superoxide dismutase activity (51.95 units/100 mg of leaf protein) were significantly decreased in water deficit stress exposed plants when compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit significantly decreased spinach chlorophyll content (0.50–0.70 mg/g leaf).
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- water deficit stresse1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 0.50–0.70 mg/g leafe1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“water deficit stressed spinach plant”
e1“The results revealed that the number of leaves per plant (1.00–2.67), leaf size (1.36 × 0.53 cm), root length (3 cm), chlorophyll content (0.50–0.70 mg/g leaf) and superoxide dismutase activity (51.95 units/100 mg of leaf protein) were significantly decreased in water deficit stress exposed plants when compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit significantly decreased spinach superoxide dismutase activity (51.95 units/100 mg leaf protein).
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- water deficit stresse1
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase activitye1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 51.95 units/100 mg of leaf proteine1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“water deficit stressed spinach plant”
e1“The results revealed that the number of leaves per plant (1.00–2.67), leaf size (1.36 × 0.53 cm), root length (3 cm), chlorophyll content (0.50–0.70 mg/g leaf) and superoxide dismutase activity (51.95 units/100 mg of leaf protein) were significantly decreased in water deficit stress exposed plants when compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chloride treatment improved the number of spinach leaves (2.67–4) under water deficit.
- Taxon
- S. oleraceaSpinacia oleraceae1
- Treatment
- Calcium chloride treatmente1
- Outcome
- number of leavese1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 2.67–4e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“water deficit stressed spinach plant”
e1“Calcium chloride treatment improved the morphological characters like number of leaves (2.67–4), root length (3.10 cm), soluble sugar content (16.12 mg/g leaf) and anatomical features in S. oleracea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chloride treatment improved spinach root length (3.10 cm) under water deficit.
- Taxon
- S. oleraceaSpinacia oleraceae1
- Treatment
- Calcium chloride treatmente1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 3.10 cme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“water deficit stressed spinach plant”
e1“Calcium chloride treatment improved the morphological characters like number of leaves (2.67–4), root length (3.10 cm), soluble sugar content (16.12 mg/g leaf) and anatomical features in S. oleracea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chloride treatment improved soluble sugar content (16.12 mg/g leaf) in spinach under water deficit.
- Taxon
- S. oleraceaSpinacia oleraceae1
- Treatment
- Calcium chloride treatmente1
- Outcome
- soluble sugar contente1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 16.12 mg/g leafe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“water deficit stressed spinach plant”
e1“Calcium chloride treatment improved the morphological characters like number of leaves (2.67–4), root length (3.10 cm), soluble sugar content (16.12 mg/g leaf) and anatomical features in S. oleracea plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The abstract states calcium chloride treatment was found to be ineffective.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- calcium chloride treatmente1
- Outcome
- calcium chloride treatmente1
- Qualifier
- ineffectivee1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“water deficit stressed spinach plant”
e1“calcium chloride treatment was found to be ineffective”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chloride was moderately effective in mitigating water deficit stress across most studied parameters.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- CaCl₂e1
- Outcome
- mitigating the stresse1
- Qualifier
- moderately effectivee1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“water deficit stressed spinach plant”
e1“CaCl₂ was moderately effective in mitigating the stress based on majority of the studied parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinach is sensitive to water deficit stress.
- Taxon
- S. oleraceaSpinacia oleraceae1
- Outcome
- sensitive to water deficit stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“S. oleracea is sensitive to water deficit stress”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.