Abstract
BACKGROUND: Enhancing the content of essential oils and valuable secondary metabolites is a primary goal for medicinal plant breeders. In this study, the effects of Thymbra spicata extract at concentrations of 0% (C), 10% (TS1), and 20% (TS2), along with mycorrhizal fungus (MF) biofertilizer at a rate of 50 g/2.5 kg of soil, were evaluated on the growth, photosynthetic pigments, relative water content (RWC), proline, protein, malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and essential oil content and composition of Rosmarinus officinalis L. under varying salinity stress levels of 0 mM (S0), 100 mM (S1), and 200 mM (S2) NaCl. The experiment was conducted as a factorial study within a completely randomized design, with three replications. RESULTS: As salinity stress increased, the yield and growth characteristics of the plants declined. However, the applied treatments effectively mitigated the negative effects of salinity. The highest chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll contents were observed in the TS2 + MF treatment under nonsaline conditions. Under S2 salinity stress, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents increased by 38.29% and 11.11%, respectively, with the use of TS2 + MF. Under S1 stress conditions, the proline and soluble sugar content increased by 268% and 44%, respectively, in the MF treatment. Essential oil content was enhanced by 80.43% with the TS2 + MF treatment under S1 stress. Essential oil analysis showed significant increases in camphene (9.71%), β-pinene (43.75%), α-phellandrene (13.3%), geranyl acetate (156%), cineole (21.39%), and β-linalool (5.12%) in the TS2 + MF treatment compared to the control under S1 stress conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Among all the treatments, the combined application of TS2 and MF proved to be the most effective in enhancing the morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of rosemary plants. This treatment not only boosted the production of essential oils and secondary metabolites but also mitigated the detrimental effects of salinity stress. Therefore, it is recommended as a beneficial agricultural practice for improving the productivity and quality of rosemary plants under salinity stress.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity reduced rosemary yield and growth.
- Taxon
- Rosmarinus officinalis L.
Salvia rosmarinust0 - Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- yield and growth characteristicse0
- Direction
- declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As salinity stress increased, the yield and growth characteristics of the plants declined.”
t0“Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied treatments mitigated salinity effects on rosemary.
- Taxon
- Rosmarinus officinalis L.Salvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- applied treatmentse0
- Outcome
- negative effects of salinitye0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the applied treatments effectively mitigated the negative effects of salinity.”
t0“Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
TS2 plus MF gave the highest chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll under nonsaline conditions.
- Taxon
- Rosmarinus officinalis L.Salvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- TS2 + MFe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll contentse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- under nonsaline conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll contents were observed in the TS2 + MF treatment under nonsaline conditions.”
t0“Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S2 stress, TS2 plus MF raised carotenoids by 38.29%.
- Taxon
- Rosmarinus officinalis L.Salvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- TS2 + MFe0
- Outcome
- carotenoide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 38.29%e0
- Qualifier
- S2 salinity stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under S2 salinity stress, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents increased by 38.29% and 11.11%, respectively, with the use of TS2 + MF.”
t0“Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S2 stress, TS2 plus MF raised anthocyanins by 11.11%.
- Taxon
- Rosmarinus officinalis L.Salvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- TS2 + MFe0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11.11%e0
- Qualifier
- S2 salinity stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under S2 salinity stress, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents increased by 38.29% and 11.11%, respectively, with the use of TS2 + MF.”
t0“Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S1, MF increased proline by 268%.
- Taxon
- Rosmarinus officinalis L.Salvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- MF treatmente0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 268%e0
- Qualifier
- S1 stress conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under S1 stress conditions, the proline and soluble sugar content increased by 268% and 44%, respectively, in the MF treatment.”
t0“Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S1, MF increased soluble sugar by 44%.
- Taxon
- Rosmarinus officinalis L.Salvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- MF treatmente0
- Outcome
- soluble sugar contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 44%e0
- Qualifier
- S1 stress conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under S1 stress conditions, the proline and soluble sugar content increased by 268% and 44%, respectively, in the MF treatment.”
t0“Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S1, TS2 plus MF enhanced essential oil content by 80.43%.
- Taxon
- Rosmarinus officinalis L.Salvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- TS2 + MF treatmente0
- Outcome
- Essential oil contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 80.43%e0
- Qualifier
- S1 stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Essential oil content was enhanced by 80.43% with the TS2 + MF treatment under S1 stress.”
t0“Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S1, TS2 plus MF increased camphene by 9.71%.
- Taxon
- Rosmarinus officinalis L.Salvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- TS2 + MF treatmente0
- Outcome
- camphenee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 9.71%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant increases in camphene (9.71%), β-pinene (43.75%), α-phellandrene (13.3%), geranyl acetate (156%), cineole (21.39%), and β-linalool (5.12%) in the TS2 + MF treatment compared to the control under S1 stress conditions.”
t0“Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S1, TS2 plus MF increased β-pinene by 43.75%.
- Taxon
- Rosmarinus officinalis L.Salvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- TS2 + MF treatmente0
- Outcome
- β-pinenee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 43.75%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant increases in camphene (9.71%), β-pinene (43.75%), α-phellandrene (13.3%), geranyl acetate (156%), cineole (21.39%), and β-linalool (5.12%) in the TS2 + MF treatment compared to the control under S1 stress conditions.”
t0“Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S1, TS2 plus MF increased α-phellandrene by 13.3%.
- Taxon
- Rosmarinus officinalis L.Salvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- TS2 + MF treatmente0
- Outcome
- α-phellandrenee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 13.3%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant increases in camphene (9.71%), β-pinene (43.75%), α-phellandrene (13.3%), geranyl acetate (156%), cineole (21.39%), and β-linalool (5.12%) in the TS2 + MF treatment compared to the control under S1 stress conditions.”
t0“Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S1, TS2 plus MF increased geranyl acetate by 156%.
- Taxon
- Rosmarinus officinalis L.Salvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- TS2 + MF treatmente0
- Outcome
- geranyl acetatee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 156%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant increases in camphene (9.71%), β-pinene (43.75%), α-phellandrene (13.3%), geranyl acetate (156%), cineole (21.39%), and β-linalool (5.12%) in the TS2 + MF treatment compared to the control under S1 stress conditions.”
t0“Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S1, TS2 plus MF increased cineole by 21.39%.
- Taxon
- Rosmarinus officinalis L.Salvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- TS2 + MF treatmente0
- Outcome
- cineolee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 21.39%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant increases in camphene (9.71%), β-pinene (43.75%), α-phellandrene (13.3%), geranyl acetate (156%), cineole (21.39%), and β-linalool (5.12%) in the TS2 + MF treatment compared to the control under S1 stress conditions.”
t0“Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under S1, TS2 plus MF increased β-linalool by 5.12%.
- Taxon
- Rosmarinus officinalis L.Salvia rosmarinust0
- Treatment
- TS2 + MF treatmente0
- Outcome
- β-linaloole0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 5.12%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant increases in camphene (9.71%), β-pinene (43.75%), α-phellandrene (13.3%), geranyl acetate (156%), cineole (21.39%), and β-linalool (5.12%) in the TS2 + MF treatment compared to the control under S1 stress conditions.”
t0“Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined TS2 and MF was most effective for rosemary morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinuse0
- Treatment
- combined application of TS2 and MFe0
- Outcome
- morphophysiological and biochemical characteristicse0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined application of TS2 and MF proved to be the most effective in enhancing the morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of rosemary plants.”
t0“Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend combined TS2 and MF for rosemary productivity and quality under salinity.
- Taxon
- rosemarySalvia rosmarinuse0
- Treatment
- combined application of TS2 and MFe1
- Outcome
- productivity and qualitye0
- Qualifier
- under salinity stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is recommended as a beneficial agricultural practice for improving the productivity and quality of rosemary plants under salinity stress.”
e1“combined application of TS2 and MF”
t0“Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)”
The same questions in other papers
mycorrhiza · quality: oil · Salvia rosmarinus (rosemary)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.