Abstract
• In cytisus scoparius photosynthesis is restricted to ridged stems derived from highly modified stipular tissues fused to the stem. • In genista sagittalis extensions derived from leaf bases laterally expand to form continuous leaf-like wings down the stem. • In leptosema aphyllum, L. tomentosum and jacksonia alata leaf blades are reduced to brown bracts but their bases extend between the stem nodes to form photosynthetic ridged stems or cladodes. • The five species emphasis that different structures can be modified to achieve a similar outcome. Leaves are the photosynthetic organs of most plants. However some species have other photosynthetic structures as well as leaves or have lost the ability to produce green leaves and have evolved alternative organs for carbon fixation. The Fabaceae is a speciose family that has species with probably the widest range of photosynthetic structures in land plants. We examined five pea species where leaves are often ephemeral or have been entirely reduced to nonphotosynthetic bracts to understand the ways in which alternative structures have been formed. The evolutionary incentive to use stems for photosynthesis is likely related to light and seasonal water availability. Cytisus scoparius sheds leaves under dry conditions and photosynthesis is then restricted to ridged stems where the ridges are derived from highly modified stipular tissues. In Genista sagittalis the annual shoots do have leaves but the stems form extensions derived from leaf bases that laterally expand to form continuous leaf-like wings down the stem increasing photosynthetic area. Anatomically Cytisus and Genista are relatively mesomorphic and avoid water stress by losing leaves ( Cytisus ) or having annual stems ( Genista ). The other three species grow in a mediterranean-type climate with pronounced summer drought. Leaf blades are reduced to brown bracts but the leaf bases extend between the stem nodes to form photosynthetic ridged stems or cladodes. Jacksonia alata is a diminutive species with limited photosynthetic area which may contribute to its subordinate position in its community. Leptosema aphyllum and L. tomentosum have much broader cladodes and are larger shrubs. These three species have stems and cladodes with a dense anatomical structure and abundant sclerenchyma that allow the species to take advantage of the winter-spring rainfall but enable their survival through the hot and arid summer. The five species emphasise that different structures can be modified to achieve a similar outcome.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
In Cytisus scoparius, photosynthesis is restricted to ridged stems derived from stipular tissues, after leaves are shed under dry conditions.
- Taxon
- cytisus scoparius
Cytisus scopariuse0 - Organ / stage
- ridged stemse0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis is restricted to ridged stemse0
- Qualifier
- sheds leaves under dry conditionse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“structures of the Fabaceae”
e0“In cytisus scoparius photosynthesis is restricted to ridged stems derived from highly modified stipular tissues fused to the stem”
e1“Cytisus scoparius sheds leaves under dry conditions and photosynthesis is then restricted to ridged stems”
Claim · model-written summary
In Genista sagittalis, stem extensions derived from leaf bases form continuous leaf-like wings down the stem.
- Taxon
- genista sagittalis
Genista sagittalise0 - Organ / stage
- leaf basese0
- Outcome
- form continuous leaf-like wingse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In genista sagittalis extensions derived from leaf bases laterally expand to form continuous leaf-like wings down the stem”
Claim · model-written summary
In Leptosema aphyllum, leaf blades are reduced to brown bracts while the leaf bases form photosynthetic ridged stems or cladodes.
- Taxon
- leptosema aphyllum
Leptosema aphyllume0 - Outcome
- form photosynthetic ridged stems or cladodese0
- Qualifier
- leaf blades are reduced to brown bractse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In leptosema aphyllum, L. tomentosum and jacksonia alata leaf blades are reduced to brown bracts but their bases extend between the stem nodes to form photosynthetic ridged stems or cladodes”
Claim · model-written summary
In L. tomentosum, leaf blades are reduced to brown bracts while the leaf bases form photosynthetic ridged stems or cladodes.
- Taxon
- L. tomentosum
Leptosema tomentosume0 - Outcome
- form photosynthetic ridged stems or cladodese0
- Qualifier
- leaf blades are reduced to brown bractse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In leptosema aphyllum, L. tomentosum and jacksonia alata leaf blades are reduced to brown bracts but their bases extend between the stem nodes to form photosynthetic ridged stems or cladodes”
Claim · model-written summary
In Jacksonia alata, leaf blades are reduced to brown bracts while the leaf bases form photosynthetic ridged stems or cladodes.
- Taxon
- jacksonia alata
Jacksonia alatae0 - Outcome
- form photosynthetic ridged stems or cladodese0
- Qualifier
- leaf blades are reduced to brown bractse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In leptosema aphyllum, L. tomentosum and jacksonia alata leaf blades are reduced to brown bracts but their bases extend between the stem nodes to form photosynthetic ridged stems or cladodes”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytisus is relatively mesomorphic in anatomy and avoids water stress by losing leaves.
CytisusNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anatomically Cytisus and Genista are relatively mesomorphic”
e1“avoid water stress by losing leaves ( Cytisus ) or having annual stems ( Genista )”
Claim · model-written summary
Genista is relatively mesomorphic in anatomy and avoids water stress by having annual stems.
GenistaNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anatomically Cytisus and Genista are relatively mesomorphic”
e1“avoid water stress by losing leaves ( Cytisus ) or having annual stems ( Genista )”
Claim · model-written summary
Jacksonia alata has a limited photosynthetic area.
- Taxon
- Jacksonia alataJacksonia alatae0
- Outcome
- limited photosynthetic areae0
- Qualifier
- diminutive speciese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Jacksonia alata is a diminutive species with limited photosynthetic area”
Claim · model-written summary
The limited photosynthetic area of Jacksonia alata may contribute to its subordinate position in its community.
- Taxon
- Jacksonia alataJacksonia alatae0
- Outcome
- subordinate position in its communitye1
- Qualifier
- limited photosynthetic areae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Jacksonia alata is a diminutive species with limited photosynthetic area”
e1“which may contribute to its subordinate position in its community”
Claim · model-written summary
Leptosema aphyllum has much broader cladodes and is a larger shrub.
- Taxon
- Leptosema aphyllumLeptosema aphyllume0
- Outcome
- much broader cladodese0
- Qualifier
- larger shrubse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leptosema aphyllum and L. tomentosum have much broader cladodes and are larger shrubs”
Claim · model-written summary
L. tomentosum has much broader cladodes and is a larger shrub.
- Taxon
- L. tomentosumLeptosema tomentosume0
- Outcome
- much broader cladodese0
- Qualifier
- larger shrubse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leptosema aphyllum and L. tomentosum have much broader cladodes and are larger shrubs”
Claim · model-written summary
Stems and cladodes of Leptosema aphyllum have a dense anatomical structure and abundant sclerenchyma.
- Taxon
- leptosema aphyllumLeptosema aphyllume0
- Outcome
- dense anatomical structuree1
- Qualifier
- abundant sclerenchymae1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In leptosema aphyllum, L. tomentosum and jacksonia alata leaf blades are reduced to brown bracts but their bases extend between the stem nodes to form photosynthetic ridged stems or cladodes”
e1“These three species have stems and cladodes with a dense anatomical structure and abundant sclerenchyma”
Claim · model-written summary
Stems and cladodes of L. tomentosum have a dense anatomical structure and abundant sclerenchyma.
- Taxon
- L. tomentosumLeptosema tomentosume0
- Outcome
- dense anatomical structuree1
- Qualifier
- abundant sclerenchymae1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In leptosema aphyllum, L. tomentosum and jacksonia alata leaf blades are reduced to brown bracts but their bases extend between the stem nodes to form photosynthetic ridged stems or cladodes”
e1“These three species have stems and cladodes with a dense anatomical structure and abundant sclerenchyma”
Claim · model-written summary
Stems and cladodes of Jacksonia alata have a dense anatomical structure and abundant sclerenchyma.
- Taxon
- jacksonia alataJacksonia alatae0
- Outcome
- dense anatomical structuree1
- Qualifier
- abundant sclerenchymae1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In leptosema aphyllum, L. tomentosum and jacksonia alata leaf blades are reduced to brown bracts but their bases extend between the stem nodes to form photosynthetic ridged stems or cladodes”
e1“These three species have stems and cladodes with a dense anatomical structure and abundant sclerenchyma”
Claim · model-written summary
The evolutionary use of stems for photosynthesis in Fabaceae is likely related to light and seasonal water availability.
Verbatim
t0“structures of the Fabaceae”
e0“The evolutionary incentive to use stems for photosynthesis is likely related to light and seasonal water availability”
Claim · model-written summary
Different stem and leaf structures can be modified to achieve a similar photosynthetic outcome in Fabaceae.
- Outcome
- different structures can be modified to achieve a similar outcomee0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
t0“structures of the Fabaceae”
e0“The five species emphasis that different structures can be modified to achieve a similar outcome”