Abstract
ABSTRACT: Cytokinins constitute a group of plant growth regulators responsible for a wide range of actions on plant growth and development. This study evaluated the effects of different concentrations and application timings of the cytokinins thidiazuron (TDZ) and benzyladenine (6BA) on fruit cell features, agronomic performance, and the quality of ‘Maxi Gala’ apples produced in southern Brazil over two growing seasons. The experiment comprised seven spray protocols of TDZ and/or 6BA applied at five different phenological stages. TDZ application during the dormant bud stage resulted in yield reduction in the subsequent growing season. TDZ and 6BA influenced fruit cell division and size, respectively, affecting intercellular spaces when applied at the pink bud (PB) and full bloom (FB) stages. The application of 20 mg L-1 of TDZ at the PB and FB stages induced greater fruit cell division with smaller cells size. Application of 10 mg L-1 of 6BA at PB and FB stages increased fruit cell size but reduced intercellular spaces. The application of TDZ or 6BA at PB and FB stages resulted in the lowest losses of fruit pulp firmness during refrigerated storage due to the reduced intercellular space. Among treatments with similar intercellular space, it was observed that a lower number of cells corresponded to a greater reduction in flesh firmness after storage. Treatments with TDZ or 6BA at PB and FB stages; 6BA at PB, FB, fruit 8-12 mm, and fruit 15-20 mm stages; and 6BA at fruit 8-12 mm and fruit 15-20 mm stages exhibited larger cell sizes and quantities, leading to larger fruit sizes but negatively affecting pulp firmness and productivity. Although, the application of TDZ or 6BA at PB and FB stages similarly affected fruit firmness and size. The application of 6BA at PB and FB stages resulted in higher productivity in the ‘Maxi Gala’ cultivar.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Dormant-bud TDZ reduced yield in the following growing season.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- TDZ application during the dormant bud stagee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TDZ application during the dormant bud stage resulted in yield reduction in the subsequent growing season”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
TDZ at 20 mg L-1 at pink bud and full bloom increased fruit cell division.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 20 mg L-1 of TDZ at the PB and FB stagese0
- Outcome
- fruit cell divisione0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of 20 mg L-1 of TDZ at the PB and FB stages induced greater fruit cell division with smaller cells size”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
TDZ at 20 mg L-1 at pink bud and full bloom produced smaller fruit cells.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 20 mg L-1 of TDZ at the PB and FB stagese0
- Outcome
- cells sizee0
- Direction
- smallere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of 20 mg L-1 of TDZ at the PB and FB stages induced greater fruit cell division with smaller cells size”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
6BA at 10 mg L-1 at pink bud and full bloom increased fruit cell size.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 10 mg L-1 of 6BA at PB and FB stagese0
- Outcome
- fruit cell sizee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of 10 mg L-1 of 6BA at PB and FB stages increased fruit cell size but reduced intercellular spaces”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
6BA at 10 mg L-1 at pink bud and full bloom reduced intercellular spaces.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 10 mg L-1 of 6BA at PB and FB stagese0
- Outcome
- intercellular spacese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of 10 mg L-1 of 6BA at PB and FB stages increased fruit cell size but reduced intercellular spaces”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
TDZ or 6BA at pink bud and full bloom minimized loss of fruit pulp firmness during refrigerated storage.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- TDZ or 6BA at PB and FB stagese0
- Outcome
- losses of fruit pulp firmnesse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Setting
- refrigerated storagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of TDZ or 6BA at PB and FB stages resulted in the lowest losses of fruit pulp firmness during refrigerated storage”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
Among fruit with similar intercellular spaces, fewer cells corresponded to greater firmness loss after storage.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- cellse0
- Outcome
- flesh firmnesse0
- Direction
- greater reductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a lower number of cells corresponded to a greater reduction in flesh firmness after storage”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
The reported TDZ or 6BA protocols produced larger fruit.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- TDZ or 6BA at PB and FB stagese0
- Outcome
- fruit sizese0
- Direction
- largere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments with TDZ or 6BA at PB and FB stages; 6BA at PB, FB, fruit 8-12 mm, and fruit 15-20 mm stages; and 6BA at fruit 8-12 mm and fruit 15-20 mm stages exhibited larger cell sizes and quantities, leading to larger fruit sizes but negatively affecting pulp firmness and productivity”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
The reported TDZ or 6BA protocols adversely affected pulp firmness and productivity.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- TDZ or 6BA at PB and FB stagese0
- Outcome
- pulp firmness and productivitye0
- Direction
- negatively affectinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments with TDZ or 6BA at PB and FB stages; 6BA at PB, FB, fruit 8-12 mm, and fruit 15-20 mm stages; and 6BA at fruit 8-12 mm and fruit 15-20 mm stages exhibited larger cell sizes and quantities, leading to larger fruit sizes but negatively affecting pulp firmness and productivity”
t0“apples”
Claim · model-written summary
6BA at pink bud and full bloom increased Maxi Gala productivity.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- Maxi Galae0
- Treatment
- 6BA at PB and FB stagese0
- Outcome
- productivitye0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of 6BA at PB and FB stages resulted in higher productivity in the ‘Maxi Gala’ cultivar”
t0“apples”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.