Abstract
Wheat holds crucial global importance as a staple food in many regions. Drought stress significantly impedes seed germination of wheat. The lack of drought-tolerant wheat varieties hampers wheat production, especially in arid regions of the world. This study investigated seed germination and seedling growth in eighty wheat genotypes under moisture stress stimulated by polyethylene glycol (PEG6000). The study included two osmotic potentials induced by PEG-20% (ψ: -0.491 MPa) and PEG-25% (ψ: -0.735 MPa), as well as a control set without PEG. The data showed that dehydration caused by polyethylene glycol generally had an adverse effect on the morphological characteristics of wheat seedlings by causing substantial losses during the early germination stage. The results acquired from analysis of variance explained highly significant variances (p < 0.01) across genotypes (G), PEG-Treatments (TPEG), and interactions between genotypes and PEG-Treatments (G x TPEG) for all observed variables. Moisture deficit radically affected all studied seedling traits of bread wheat under rising osmotic stress, with germination percentage (GP), shoot length (SL), root length (RL), coleoptile length (CL), seedling length (SDL), root fresh weight (FRW), root dry weight (DRW), shoot fresh weight (FSW), shoot dry weight (DSW), seedling biomass (SBM) and seedling vigor index (SVI) reduced by about 30–95% compared to control (PEG-0%) to the maximum induced osmotic stress at -0.735 MPa. The coefficient of relative inhibition (CRI) rose in response to osmotic stress, demonstrating growth inhibition. Boxplots demonstrated a considerable decline under stress, although scatter plots and correlation matrices revealed significant positive associations for most seedling traits, except CRI. The histograms for most variables showed a wider value range and more diversified distribution patterns. Principal component analysis (PCA) and genotype by trait biplot emphasized that PC1 represented 94.29% of the cumulative variation, with an eigenvalue of 11.31 out of 12 components. The heatmap displayed diverse genotype and trait characteristics, indicating higher values for drought resistance and lower values for susceptibility in genotype performance. As indicated by a range of multivariate analyses, the wheat lines NR-499, NARC-2009 and Pakistan-2013 stood out as the most drought-tolerant among the genotypes; whereas Borlaug-2016, NR-514 and NR-516 were found to be highly susceptible, whereas SBM, SDL, SVI and CRI have been found key indicators for subsequent screening. These tolerant wheat lines offer promising potential for developing drought-tolerant varieties that could thrive in arid regions, thereby strengthening wheat production in water-stressed environments. Integrating these findings into breeding programs is crucial for realizing the potential of drought-tolerant wheat varieties in transforming global wheat production.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
PEG dehydration adversely affected early wheat seedling morphology and germination.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- polyethylene glycole0
- Outcome
- morphological characteristics of wheat seedlingse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dehydration caused by polyethylene glycol generally had an adverse effect on the morphological characteristics of wheat seedlings by causing substantial losses during the early germination stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotypes differed significantly across all measured wheat seedling variables.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- genotypese0
- Outcome
- all observed variablese0
- Value
- p < 0.01e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highly significant variances (p < 0.01) across genotypes (G), PEG-Treatments (TPEG), and interactions between genotypes and PEG-Treatments (G x TPEG) for all observed variables”
t0“wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG treatments differed significantly across all measured wheat seedling variables.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PEG-Treatments (TPEG)e0
- Outcome
- all observed variablese0
- Value
- p < 0.01e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highly significant variances (p < 0.01) across genotypes (G), PEG-Treatments (TPEG), and interactions between genotypes and PEG-Treatments (G x TPEG) for all observed variables”
t0“wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype-by-PEG interactions were significant across all measured variables.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- genotypese0
- Treatment
- PEG-Treatmentse0
- Outcome
- all observed variablese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“interactions between genotypes and PEG-Treatments (G x TPEG) for all observed variables”
t0“wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum PEG stress reduced wheat germination percentage and seedling lengths by about 30–95% against controls.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- maximum induced osmotic stress at -0.735 MPae0
- Outcome
- germination percentage (GP), shoot length (SL), root length (RL)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- about 30–95%e0
- Comparator
- control (PEG-0%)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“germination percentage (GP), shoot length (SL), root length (RL), coleoptile length (CL), seedling length (SDL), root fresh weight (FRW), root dry weight (DRW), shoot fresh weight (FSW), shoot dry weight (DSW), seedling biomass (SBM) and seedling vigor index (SVI) reduced by about 30–95% compared to control (PEG-0%) to the maximum induced osmotic stress at -0.735 MPa”
t0“wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum PEG stress reduced coleoptile and overall seedling length by about 30–95%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- maximum induced osmotic stress at -0.735 MPae0
- Outcome
- coleoptile length (CL), seedling length (SDL)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- about 30–95%e0
- Comparator
- control (PEG-0%)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“coleoptile length (CL), seedling length (SDL), root fresh weight (FRW), root dry weight (DRW), shoot fresh weight (FSW), shoot dry weight (DSW), seedling biomass (SBM) and seedling vigor index (SVI) reduced by about 30–95% compared to control (PEG-0%) to the maximum induced osmotic stress at -0.735 MPa”
t0“wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum PEG stress reduced root and shoot fresh and dry weights by about 30–95%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- maximum induced osmotic stress at -0.735 MPae0
- Outcome
- root fresh weight (FRW), root dry weight (DRW)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- about 30–95%e0
- Comparator
- control (PEG-0%)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root fresh weight (FRW), root dry weight (DRW), shoot fresh weight (FSW), shoot dry weight (DSW), seedling biomass (SBM) and seedling vigor index (SVI) reduced by about 30–95% compared to control (PEG-0%) to the maximum induced osmotic stress at -0.735 MPa”
t0“wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum PEG stress reduced shoot weights, biomass and vigor index by about 30–95%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- maximum induced osmotic stress at -0.735 MPae0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weight (FSW), shoot dry weight (DSW)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- about 30–95%e0
- Comparator
- control (PEG-0%)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot fresh weight (FSW), shoot dry weight (DSW), seedling biomass (SBM) and seedling vigor index (SVI) reduced by about 30–95% compared to control (PEG-0%) to the maximum induced osmotic stress at -0.735 MPa”
t0“wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative inhibition increased under osmotic stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- osmotic stresse0
- Outcome
- coefficient of relative inhibition (CRI)e0
- Direction
- rosee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The coefficient of relative inhibition (CRI) rose in response to osmotic stress”
t0“wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Most wheat seedling traits had significant positive associations, except CRI.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- seedlinge0
- Outcome
- positive associations for most seedling traitse0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- except CRIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“correlation matrices revealed significant positive associations for most seedling traits, except CRI”
t0“wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
PC1 accounted for 94.29% of cumulative variation with eigenvalue 11.31.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- cumulative variatione0
- Value
- 94.29%e0
- Qualifier
- eigenvalue of 11.31 out of 12 componentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PC1 represented 94.29% of the cumulative variation, with an eigenvalue of 11.31 out of 12 components”
t0“wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
NR-499 was among the most drought-tolerant wheat lines.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- NR-499e0
- Outcome
- most drought-tolerante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat lines NR-499, NARC-2009 and Pakistan-2013 stood out as the most drought-tolerant among the genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
NARC-2009 was among the most drought-tolerant wheat lines.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- NARC-2009e0
- Outcome
- most drought-tolerante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat lines NR-499, NARC-2009 and Pakistan-2013 stood out as the most drought-tolerant among the genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Pakistan-2013 was among the most drought-tolerant wheat lines.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Pakistan-2013e0
- Outcome
- most drought-tolerante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat lines NR-499, NARC-2009 and Pakistan-2013 stood out as the most drought-tolerant among the genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Borlaug-2016 was highly drought-susceptible.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Borlaug-2016e0
- Outcome
- highly susceptiblee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Borlaug-2016, NR-514 and NR-516 were found to be highly susceptible”
t0“wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
NR-514 was highly drought-susceptible.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- NR-514e0
- Outcome
- highly susceptiblee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Borlaug-2016, NR-514 and NR-516 were found to be highly susceptible”
t0“wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
NR-516 was highly drought-susceptible.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- NR-516e0
- Outcome
- highly susceptiblee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Borlaug-2016, NR-514 and NR-516 were found to be highly susceptible”
t0“wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
SBM, SDL, SVI and CRI were identified as screening indicators.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- key indicators for subsequent screeninge0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SBM, SDL, SVI and CRI have been found key indicators for subsequent screening”
t0“wheat genotypes”
The same questions in other papers
drought · disease · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 22 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
31 papers more in this group
See all 35 papers →drought · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
344 papers in the same direction as this paper · 86 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
427 papers more in this group
See all 431 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.