Abstract
Addressing the challenge of reducing environmental pollution from agricultural practices by improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) while ensuring high crop yields is essential for sustainable agriculture. Using a controlled glasshouse experiment, we evaluated the combined effects of biochar and bokashi under different irrigation regimes on NUE, WUE, and yield-related parameters in a wheat cropping system. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with three replications with four treatments: (1) control (C), (2) bokashi only (B0), (3) bokashi +1% biochar (B1), and (4) bokashi +2% biochar (B2). These treatments were evaluated at three irrigation levels—30% (IR30), 50% (IR50), and 60% (IR60) of field capacity (FC), resulting in a total of twelve treatments. Co-application of bokashi–biochar significantly (p < 0.050) improved grain yield (GY), straw yield (SY), total biomass (TB), total nitrogen uptake (TNU), grain protein content (GPC), NUE, and WUE, with the most notable benefits observed at 1% biochar application compared to C and B0 treatments. In addition, both types of treatment (bokashi and bokashi with biochar) and the level of irrigation had a significant impact on GY, SY, TB, TNU, GPC, NUE, and WUE. The B1 and B2 treatments further improved yield and efficiencies compared to bokashi alone. The positive correlation between grain yield and WUE underscores the importance of optimizing irrigation strategies alongside soil amendments for improved crop productivity. These enhancements in yield and efficiency are likely attributed to the increased soil fertility, nutrient availability, and water retention resulting from the combination of biochar and bokashi.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Bokashi-biochar coapplication significantly improved grain yield, straw yield and total biomass, most notably with 1% biochar.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- Co-application of bokashi–biochare0
- Outcome
- grain yield (GY), straw yield (SY), total biomass (TB)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- 1% biochar applicatione0
- Comparator
- C and B0 treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-application of bokashi–biochar significantly (p < 0.050) improved grain yield (GY), straw yield (SY), total biomass (TB), total nitrogen uptake (TNU), grain protein content (GPC), NUE, and WUE, with the most notable benefits observed at 1% biochar application compared to C and B0 treatments”
e1“wheat cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Bokashi-biochar coapplication significantly improved total nitrogen uptake, grain protein content and nitrogen use efficiency.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Co-application of bokashi–biochare0
- Outcome
- total nitrogen uptake (TNU), grain protein content (GPC), NUEe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- C and B0 treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-application of bokashi–biochar significantly (p < 0.050) improved grain yield (GY), straw yield (SY), total biomass (TB), total nitrogen uptake (TNU), grain protein content (GPC), NUE, and WUE, with the most notable benefits observed at 1% biochar application compared to C and B0 treatments”
e1“wheat cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Bokashi-biochar coapplication significantly improved water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Co-application of bokashi–biochare0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- C and B0 treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-application of bokashi–biochar significantly (p < 0.050) improved grain yield (GY), straw yield (SY), total biomass (TB), total nitrogen uptake (TNU), grain protein content (GPC), NUE, and WUE, with the most notable benefits observed at 1% biochar application compared to C and B0 treatments”
e1“wheat cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Bokashi and irrigation level significantly affected wheat yield, biomass, nitrogen uptake, protein and use efficiencies.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- level of irrigatione0
- Outcome
- GY, SY, TB, TNU, GPC, NUE, and WUEe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both types of treatment (bokashi and bokashi with biochar) and the level of irrigation had a significant impact on GY, SY, TB, TNU, GPC, NUE, and WUE”
e1“wheat cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar with bokashi improved yield and efficiencies compared with bokashi alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- B1 and B2 treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yield and efficienciese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- bokashi alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The B1 and B2 treatments further improved yield and efficiencies compared to bokashi alone”
e1“wheat cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield and water use efficiency were positively correlated.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Comparator
- WUEe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“positive correlation between grain yield and WUE”
e1“wheat cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute yield and efficiency gains to increased soil fertility, nutrient availability and water retention.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- combination of biochar and bokashie0
- Outcome
- enhancements in yield and efficiencye0
- Qualifier
- increased soil fertility, nutrient availability, and water retentione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These enhancements in yield and efficiency are likely attributed to the increased soil fertility, nutrient availability, and water retention resulting from the combination of biochar and bokashi”
e1“wheat cropping system”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.