Abstract
Contexts Cotton is the most important economic crop in Xinjiang of China. However, due to the excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers , the region is experiencing considerable environmental stress. Optimizing water and nitrogen management practices presents an effective approach to mitigating nitrogen losses and minimizing the risk of environmental pollution. Objectives This study aims to evaluate the effects of various nitrogen (N) and irrigation strategies on N uptake by cotton plants , and compare the effectiveness of different management approaches on field-level N balance and overall N footprint. Methods A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of drip irrigation under various soil matric potential (SMP) thresholds (-30, −20, and −10 kPa, as W1, W2 and W3) and three N rates (200, 300, and 400 kg ha −1 , as F1, F2 and F3) on N uptake and translocation in various parts of the cotton plant, nitrate N accumulation in the soil, and N inputs and outputs. This comprehensive analysis evaluated the N balance and footprint for each system. Results The results showed that excessive irrigation and fertilization intensified N accumulation in the roots, stems, and leaves of cotton plants but did not significantly enhance N accumulation in cotton bolls . The N transport efficiency (NTE) decreased by 25.1 % and 26.1 %, and N reproductive efficiency (NRE) contributions to seeds decreased by 25.2 % and 17.8 %, respectively. Higher N application rates reduced the proportion of nitrogen allocated to cotton bolls . Higher fertilizer and irrigation levels led to a deeper and wider distribution of nitrate N, increasing the risk of deep percolation and horizontal volatilization. The NH 3 emerged as the primary form of reactive N loss in cotton fields, ranging 7.8–24.8 kg N ha −1 . The N balance indicated decreased surplus with intensified irrigation, N deficiency was observed at rates below 250 kg N ha −1 , and excess N was noted above 350 kg N ha −1 . Conclusions An irrigation lower limit of −20 kPa promoted increased N accumulation in cotton bolls and ensuring production. Based on the system's N balance, 275–307 kg N ha −1 was recommended to avoid N deficiency or excess. This approach balanced N environmental friendliness with production, achieving an N footprint of 7.7–8.4 kg N t −1 in this system. Significance This study provides critical insights for achieving N balance and minimizing N footprint, and holds substantial promise for the development of cotton cultivation in arid regions.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Excess irrigation and fertilizer intensified nitrogen accumulation in cotton roots, stems and leaves.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- excessive irrigation and fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- N accumulation in the roots, stems, and leavese0
- Direction
- intensifiede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“excessive irrigation and fertilization intensified N accumulation in the roots, stems, and leaves of cotton plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess irrigation and fertilizer did not significantly enhance nitrogen accumulation in cotton bolls.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- excessive irrigation and fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- N accumulation in cotton bollse0
- Direction
- did not significantly enhancee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“excessive irrigation and fertilization intensified N accumulation in the roots, stems, and leaves of cotton plants but did not significantly enhance N accumulation in cotton bolls”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen transport efficiency decreased by 25.1% and 26.1%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- N transport efficiency (NTE)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 25.1 % and 26.1 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The N transport efficiency (NTE) decreased by 25.1 % and 26.1 %”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen reproductive efficiency contributions to seeds decreased by 25.2% and 17.8%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- N reproductive efficiency (NRE) contributions to seedse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 25.2 % and 17.8 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N reproductive efficiency (NRE) contributions to seeds decreased by 25.2 % and 17.8 %”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen application reduced nitrogen allocation to cotton bolls.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Higher N application ratese0
- Outcome
- proportion of nitrogen allocated to cotton bollse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher N application rates reduced the proportion of nitrogen allocated to cotton bolls”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher fertilizer and irrigation levels spread soil nitrate deeper and wider.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Higher fertilizer and irrigation levelse0
- Outcome
- distribution of nitrate Ne0
- Direction
- deeper and widere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher fertilizer and irrigation levels led to a deeper and wider distribution of nitrate N”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonia was the primary reactive nitrogen loss from cotton fields, at 7.8–24.8 kg N ha−1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- NH 3e0
- Value
- 7.8–24.8 kg N ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NH 3 emerged as the primary form of reactive N loss in cotton fields, ranging 7.8–24.8 kg N ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
More intensive irrigation decreased nitrogen surplus.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- intensified irrigatione0
- Outcome
- surpluse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The N balance indicated decreased surplus with intensified irrigation”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen deficiency occurred below 250 kg N ha−1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- N deficiencye0
- Qualifier
- rates below 250 kg N ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N deficiency was observed at rates below 250 kg N ha −1”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess nitrogen occurred above 350 kg N ha−1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- excess Ne0
- Qualifier
- above 350 kg N ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“excess N was noted above 350 kg N ha −1”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
An irrigation lower limit of −20 kPa increased nitrogen accumulation in cotton bolls.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- irrigation lower limit of −20 kPae0
- Outcome
- N accumulation in cotton bollse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An irrigation lower limit of −20 kPa promoted increased N accumulation in cotton bolls”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 275–307 kg N ha−1 to avoid nitrogen deficiency or excess.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- 275–307 kg N ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“275–307 kg N ha −1 was recommended to avoid N deficiency or excess”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended system achieved a nitrogen footprint of 7.7–8.4 kg N t−1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- N footprinte0
- Value
- 7.7–8.4 kg N t −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“achieving an N footprint of 7.7–8.4 kg N t −1 in this system”
t0“cotton”
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See all 131 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.