Abstract
Increasing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain protein concentration (GPC) without excessive nitrogen (N) inputs requires understanding the interactions between N source characteristics and application technology parameters. This study evaluated the effects of foliar N applications at anthesis on wheat grain yield and GPC across three locations over three growing seasons in Oklahoma. Treatments consisted of two N sources (urea-ammonium nitrate [UAN] and aqueous urea [Aq. urea]), three nozzle types (flat fan [FF], 3D, and twin [TW]), and two droplet types (fine and coarse). Late foliar applications increased GPC by 12% without affecting grain yield (0.5–5.8 Mg ha−1). During the 2020–21 growing season, a late season freeze during anthesis resulted in no significant differences in GPC across locations. UAN produced significantly higher GPC (13.7%) than Aq. urea (13.1%). Among nozzle types, the 3D nozzle consistently produced the highest GPC (13.8%), compared to FF (13.1%) and TW nozzles (13.2%). Two-way interactions revealed UAN with fine droplets achieved consistently high GPC (14.6%), as did Aq. urea with coarse droplets (14.5%) at Lake Carl Blackwell in 2021–22 as compared to Aq. Urea_Fine (13.8%). At Chickasha 2021–22 and Perkins 2020–21, a significant three-way interaction was observed, with the UAN_3D_Fine (13.2%) and UAN_3D_Coarse (12.2%) treatments producing the highest GPC, with 8% and 15% greater than the Aq. Urea_TW_Fine, respectively, which is lowest. These findings provide a foundation for precision agriculture approaches that optimize foliar N application parameters to enhance wheat quality while maintaining sustainable production practices.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Late foliar nitrogen applications increased wheat grain protein concentration by 12%.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- Late foliar applicationse3
- Outcome
- GPCe3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 12%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e3“Late foliar applications increased GPC by 12% without affecting grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Late foliar nitrogen applications did not change wheat grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Late foliar applicationse3
- Outcome
- grain yielde3
- Direction
- without affectinge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e3“Late foliar applications increased GPC by 12% without affecting grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
UAN gave higher wheat grain protein concentration (13.7%) than aqueous urea.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- UANe4
- Outcome
- GPCe4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 13.7%e4
- Comparator
- Aq. ureae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e4“UAN produced significantly higher GPC (13.7%) than Aq. urea (13.1%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The 3D nozzle gave the highest wheat grain protein concentration (13.8%) compared with the flat fan nozzle.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 3D nozzlee5
- Outcome
- GPCe5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 13.8%e5
- Qualifier
- TW nozzles (13.2%)e5
- Comparator
- FFe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e5“Among nozzle types, the 3D nozzle consistently produced the highest GPC (13.8%), compared to FF (13.1%) and TW nozzles (13.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
UAN with fine droplets achieved consistently high wheat grain protein concentration (14.6%).
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- UAN with fine dropletse6
- Outcome
- GPCe6
- Value
- 14.6%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e6“Two-way interactions revealed UAN with fine droplets achieved consistently high GPC (14.6%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous urea with coarse droplets achieved 14.5% grain protein concentration at Lake Carl Blackwell in 2021–22, compared with fine droplets.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Aq. urea with coarse dropletse7
- Outcome
- GPCe6
- Value
- 14.5%e7
- Comparator
- Aq. Urea_Finee7
- Setting
- Lake Carl Blackwelle7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e6“Two-way interactions revealed UAN with fine droplets achieved consistently high GPC (14.6%)”
e7“as did Aq. urea with coarse droplets (14.5%) at Lake Carl Blackwell in 2021–22 as compared to Aq. Urea_Fine (13.8%)”
Claim · model-written summary
UAN with 3D nozzle and fine droplets gave the highest wheat grain protein concentration (13.2%), 8% above Aq. urea with twin nozzle and fine droplets, in a three-way interaction.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- UAN_3D_Finee2
- Outcome
- GPCe2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 8%e2
- Comparator
- Aq. Urea_TW_Finee2
- Setting
- Chickasha 2021–22 and Perkins 2020–21e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e2“with the UAN_3D_Fine (13.2%) and UAN_3D_Coarse (12.2%) treatments producing the highest GPC, with 8% and 15% greater than the Aq. Urea_TW_Fine, respectively”
e3“At Chickasha 2021–22 and Perkins 2020–21, a significant three-way interaction was observed”
Claim · model-written summary
UAN with 3D nozzle and coarse droplets gave high wheat grain protein concentration (12.2%), 15% above Aq. urea with twin nozzle and fine droplets, in a three-way interaction.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- UAN_3D_Coarsee2
- Outcome
- GPCe2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 15%e2
- Comparator
- Aq. Urea_TW_Finee2
- Setting
- Chickasha 2021–22 and Perkins 2020–21e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e2“with the UAN_3D_Fine (13.2%) and UAN_3D_Coarse (12.2%) treatments producing the highest GPC, with 8% and 15% greater than the Aq. Urea_TW_Fine, respectively”
e3“At Chickasha 2021–22 and Perkins 2020–21, a significant three-way interaction was observed”
Claim · model-written summary
A late-season freeze during anthesis produced no significant differences in wheat grain protein concentration across locations in 2020–21.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- late season freeze during anthesise4
- Outcome
- GPCe4
- Direction
- no significant differencese4
- Setting
- 2020–21 growing seasone4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e4“During the 2020–21 growing season, a late season freeze during anthesis resulted in no significant differences in GPC across locations”
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