Abstract
The present investigation was conducted at the Research Farm, Mandsaur University, Mandsaur (Madhya Pradesh), India, during the Kharif season (June–December 2024). The experiment aimed to evaluate the impact of different sowing methods and spacing treatments on the growth and yield of soybean. The study was carried out using a Split Plot Design with three replications and eight treatment combinations, resulting in 24 experimental plots. The gross plot size was 14.40 m², and the net plot size was 11.70 m². Soybean was sown with a seed rate of 80 kg/ha-1 and recommended fertilizer doses of 20:40:20 NPK per hectare. The plant population at 30 DAS and at harvest was significantly influenced by sowing methods (flat bed and raised bed) and spacing treatments (broadcasting, 30×30 cm, 45×30 cm, 60×30 cm). Raised bed sowing (B2) consistently resulted in higher plant populations compared to flat bed sowing (B1), with the raised bed + broadcasting (B2S1) treatment showing the highest plant population at both stages. Soybean plants on raised beds (B2) had higher fresh (114.78 g) and dry (16.79 g) weights compared to flat beds (B1). The highest fresh and dry weight was observed in the raised bed + broadcasting treatment (B2S1), while the lowest was in raised bed + 60×30 cm spacing (B2S4). The number of pods at 90 DAS was higher in raised bed sowing (B2), with the raised bed + 60×30 cm spacing (B2S4) yielding the highest pod count (21.13 pods). The 30×30 cm spacing (S2) also resulted in more pods compared to broadcasting. Raised bed sowing (B2) resulted in earlier flowering (39.91 days) compared to flat bed sowing (40.00 days). The 30×30 cm spacing (S2) led to the earliest flowering, while broadcasting (S1) resulted in the early flowering.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Sowing method and spacing significantly affected plant population at 30 days and harvest.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- sowing methodse0
- Outcome
- plant populatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plant population at 30 DAS and at harvest was significantly influenced by sowing methods (flat bed and raised bed) and spacing treatments (broadcasting, 30×30 cm, 45×30 cm, 60×30 cm)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Raised beds had higher plant populations than flat beds.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Raised bed sowing (B2)e0
- Outcome
- plant populationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- flat bed sowing (B1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Raised bed sowing (B2) consistently resulted in higher plant populations compared to flat bed sowing (B1)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Raised bed plus broadcasting gave the highest population at both stages.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- raised bed + broadcasting (B2S1)e0
- Outcome
- plant populatione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“raised bed + broadcasting (B2S1) treatment showing the highest plant population at both stages”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Raised beds yielded higher fresh weight of 114.78 g than flat beds.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- raised beds (B2)e0
- Outcome
- freshe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 114.78 ge0
- Comparator
- flat beds (B1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean plants on raised beds (B2) had higher fresh (114.78 g) and dry (16.79 g) weights compared to flat beds (B1)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Raised beds yielded higher dry weight of 16.79 g than flat beds.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- raised beds (B2)e0
- Outcome
- drye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 16.79 ge0
- Comparator
- flat beds (B1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean plants on raised beds (B2) had higher fresh (114.78 g) and dry (16.79 g) weights compared to flat beds (B1)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Raised bed plus broadcasting had the highest fresh and dry weight.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- raised bed + broadcasting treatment (B2S1)e0
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weighte0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest fresh and dry weight was observed in the raised bed + broadcasting treatment (B2S1)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Raised bed plus 60×30 cm had the lowest fresh and dry weight.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- raised bed + 60×30 cm spacing (B2S4)e0
- Outcome
- loweste0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest was in raised bed + 60×30 cm spacing (B2S4)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Raised beds had more pods at 90 days.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- raised bed sowing (B2)e0
- Outcome
- number of podse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of pods at 90 DAS was higher in raised bed sowing (B2)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Raised bed plus 60×30 cm produced the highest pod count of 21.13.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- raised bed + 60×30 cm spacing (B2S4)e0
- Outcome
- pod counte0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 21.13 podse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“raised bed + 60×30 cm spacing (B2S4) yielding the highest pod count (21.13 pods)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
30×30 cm spacing produced more pods than broadcasting.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 30×30 cm spacing (S2)e0
- Outcome
- podse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- broadcastinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 30×30 cm spacing (S2) also resulted in more pods compared to broadcasting”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Raised beds flowered at 39.91 days versus 40.00 days for flat beds.
- Treatment
- Raised bed sowing (B2)e0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Value
- 39.91 dayse0
- Qualifier
- 40.00 dayse0
- Comparator
- flat bed sowinge0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Raised bed sowing (B2) resulted in earlier flowering (39.91 days) compared to flat bed sowing (40.00 days)”
Claim · model-written summary
30×30 cm spacing led to the earliest flowering.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 30×30 cm spacing (S2)e0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- earlieste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 30×30 cm spacing (S2) led to the earliest flowering”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Broadcasting produced early flowering.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- broadcasting (S1)e0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- earlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“broadcasting (S1) resulted in the early flowering”
t0“Soybean”
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