Abstract
Developing high phosphorus (P) efficient rice varieties is essential for sustainable phosphate resource conservation. This study evaluated 16 rice cultivars from four breeding eras: ancient (<1940), early conventional (1940–2000), modern conventional (2000–2020), and hybrid rice (2000–2020). Using pot experiments in low-P soil, we examined two P treatments: P0 (no P application, simulating low-P stress) and P50 (50 kg hm−1 P application, normal P input). We systematically compared agronomic traits, P distribution patterns, and P uptake efficiency across breeding generations. The result showed that modern breeding significantly increased root biomass, shoot biomass, and grain yield while reducing plant height. Low-P stress (P0) had minimal impact on growth traits but negatively affected P uptake, particularly plant P content and accumulation patterns. Under P0 treatment, modern conventional varieties maintained a higher stem P concentration (0.47–0.65 g·kg−1 vs. 0.27–0.49 g·kg−1 in hybrid varieties; 0.47–0.65 g·kg−1 vs. 0.18–0.28 g·kg−1 in ancient varieties, p < 0.05). P allocation strategies varied significantly across breeding eras. Root P accumulation ratios decreased from ancient to modern varieties, while modern conventional rice had the highest stem P storage (24.1–30.5%), and hybrid rice allocated the largest partition of 76.4–78.1% P to grains. Additionally, P uptake efficiency and P fertilizer productivity increased by 131.09% and 91.21% (p < 0.01) from ancient to modern conventional rice, with hybrids exhibiting the highest values for both parameters. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinct trait clusters separating ancient, conventional, and hybrid rice based on the agronomic traits, P uptake, and rhizosphere soil parameters. Random forest analysis identified that, under low-P conditions, root P content was the strongest predictor of grain yield, whereas under normal P conditions, rhizosphere pH had the highest relationship to grain yield. These findings demonstrate that modern breeding has enhanced P adaptation through optimized root architecture and organ-specific P allocation strategies, which providing valuable insights for developing future P-efficient rice varieties.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Modern breeding increased rice root biomass, shoot biomass and grain yield.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Outcome
- root biomass, shoot biomass, and grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“modern breeding significantly increased root biomass, shoot biomass, and grain yield while reducing plant height.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Modern breeding reduced rice plant height.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“modern breeding significantly increased root biomass, shoot biomass, and grain yield while reducing plant height.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Low phosphorus had minimal effects on rice growth traits.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Low-P stress (P0)e0
- Outcome
- growth traitse0
- Direction
- minimal impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low-P stress (P0) had minimal impact on growth traits but negatively affected P uptake”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Low phosphorus negatively affected rice phosphorus uptake.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Low-P stress (P0)e0
- Outcome
- P uptakee0
- Direction
- negatively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low-P stress (P0) had minimal impact on growth traits but negatively affected P uptake, particularly plant P content and accumulation patterns.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Under P0, modern conventional rice stem P concentration was 0.47–0.65 g·kg−1, above hybrid rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- modern conventional varietiese0
- Treatment
- P0 treatmente0
- Outcome
- stem P concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 0.47–0.65 g·kg−1e0
- Qualifier
- 0.27–0.49 g·kg−1e0
- Comparator
- hybrid varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under P0 treatment, modern conventional varieties maintained a higher stem P concentration (0.47–0.65 g·kg−1 vs. 0.27–0.49 g·kg−1 in hybrid varieties; 0.47–0.65 g·kg−1 vs. 0.18–0.28 g·kg−1 in ancient varieties, p < 0.05).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Under P0, modern conventional rice stem P concentration exceeded ancient varieties.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- modern conventional varietiese0
- Treatment
- P0 treatmente0
- Outcome
- stem P concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 0.47–0.65 g·kg−1e0
- Qualifier
- 0.18–0.28 g·kg−1e0
- Comparator
- ancient varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under P0 treatment, modern conventional varieties maintained a higher stem P concentration (0.47–0.65 g·kg−1 vs. 0.27–0.49 g·kg−1 in hybrid varieties; 0.47–0.65 g·kg−1 vs. 0.18–0.28 g·kg−1 in ancient varieties, p < 0.05).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Root P accumulation ratios decreased from ancient to modern rice varieties.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- modern varietiese0
- Outcome
- Root P accumulation ratiose0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- anciente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root P accumulation ratios decreased from ancient to modern varieties”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Modern conventional rice had the highest stem P storage, at 24.1–30.5%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- modern conventional ricee0
- Outcome
- stem P storagee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 24.1–30.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“modern conventional rice had the highest stem P storage (24.1–30.5%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid rice allocated the largest P fraction to grains, 76.4–78.1%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hybrid rice allocated the largest partition of 76.4–78.1% P to grains.”
Claim · model-written summary
P uptake efficiency rose 131.09% from ancient to modern conventional rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- modern conventional ricee0
- Outcome
- P uptake efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 131.09%e0
- Comparator
- anciente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P uptake efficiency and P fertilizer productivity increased by 131.09% and 91.21% (p < 0.01) from ancient to modern conventional rice”
Claim · model-written summary
P fertilizer productivity rose 91.21% from ancient to modern conventional rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- modern conventional ricee0
- Outcome
- P fertilizer productivitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 91.21%e0
- Comparator
- anciente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P uptake efficiency and P fertilizer productivity increased by 131.09% and 91.21% (p < 0.01) from ancient to modern conventional rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid rice had the highest P uptake efficiency and fertilizer productivity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- hybridse0
- Outcome
- highest values for both parameterse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hybrids exhibiting the highest values for both parameters.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
PCA separated ancient, conventional and hybrid rice into distinct trait clusters.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- distinct trait clusterse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinct trait clusters separating ancient, conventional, and hybrid rice based on the agronomic traits, P uptake, and rhizosphere soil parameters.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under low P, root P content was the strongest predictor of rice grain yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- low-P conditionse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Qualifier
- strongest predictore0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under low-P conditions, root P content was the strongest predictor of grain yield”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Under normal P, rhizosphere pH had the strongest relationship with rice grain yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- normal P conditionse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Qualifier
- highest relationshipe0
- Setting
- rhizospheree0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under normal P conditions, rhizosphere pH had the highest relationship to grain yield.”
t0“rice”
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