Abstract
Abstract A field experiment was implemented during during of crop year 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdad to evaluate the influence of row orientation and planting density on certain growth traits, grain yield, and quality indices of bread wheat cultivars. The experiment was designed as a split-plot arrangement within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main plots included three wheat cultivars (Iba’a-99, Buhooth-22, and Buhooth-10), while the subplots consisted of three planting densities (80, 100, and 120 kg ha −1 ), and the sub-sub plots were assigned to two row orientations: East-West and North-South. The results indicated that the Iba-99 cultivar significantly excelled in the number of tillers per meter square (439.14 tiller m −2 ), flag leaf area (43.45 cm 2 ), number of spikes per meter square (348.31 spike m −2 ), number of grains per spike (50.03 grain spike −1 ) and grain yield (5.027 tons ha −1 ), while the Buhooth-10 cultivar were significantly superior in the gluten content in grains (33.15%). The 120 kg ha −1 planting density was significantly superior in the number of tillers per meter square (433.39 tiller m −2 ), number of spikes per meter square (347.20 spike m −2 ) and grain yield (5.207 tons ha −1 ), whereas the 80 kg ha −1 seeding rate significantly excelled in the number of grains per spike (50.82 grain spike −1 ) and gluten content in grains (33.26%). The East-West row orientation significantly excelled in the number of tillers per meter square (419.98 tiller m −2 ), flag leaf area (43.39 cm 2 ), number of spikes per meter square (331.98 spike m −2 ), number of grains per spike (48.93 grain spike −1 ), grain yield (4.934 tons ha −1 ) and gluten content in grains (33.11%). The di and tri-interaction between studied factors hadn’t a significant effects on the most studied traits.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Iba-99 wheat significantly excelled in tillers per square meter (439.14 tiller m −2).
- Taxon
- bread wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Material
- Iba-99e1
- Outcome
- number of tillers per meter squaree1
- Direction
- significantly excellede1
- Value
- 439.14 tiller m −2e2
- Setting
- Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdade0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was implemented during during of crop year 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdad to evaluate the influence of row orientation and planting density on certain growth traits, grain yield, and quality indices of bread wheat cultivars”
e1“the Iba-99 cultivar significantly excelled in the number of tillers per meter square”
e2“(439.14 tiller m −2 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Iba-99 wheat significantly excelled in flag leaf area (43.45 cm 2).
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Iba-99e1
- Outcome
- flag leaf areae2
- Direction
- significantly excellede1
- Value
- 43.45 cm 2e2
- Setting
- Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdade0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was implemented during during of crop year 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdad to evaluate the influence of row orientation and planting density on certain growth traits, grain yield, and quality indices of bread wheat cultivars”
e1“the Iba-99 cultivar significantly excelled in the number of tillers per meter square”
e2“flag leaf area (43.45 cm 2 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Iba-99 wheat significantly excelled in number of spikes per square meter (348.31 spike m −2).
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Iba-99e1
- Outcome
- number of spikes per meter squaree2
- Direction
- significantly excellede1
- Value
- 348.31 spike m −2e2
- Setting
- Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdade0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was implemented during during of crop year 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdad to evaluate the influence of row orientation and planting density on certain growth traits, grain yield, and quality indices of bread wheat cultivars”
e1“the Iba-99 cultivar significantly excelled in the number of tillers per meter square”
e2“number of spikes per meter square (348.31 spike m −2 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Iba-99 wheat significantly excelled in grains per spike (50.03 grain spike −1).
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Iba-99e1
- Outcome
- number of grains per spikee2
- Direction
- significantly excellede1
- Value
- 50.03 grain spike −1e2
- Setting
- Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdade0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was implemented during during of crop year 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdad to evaluate the influence of row orientation and planting density on certain growth traits, grain yield, and quality indices of bread wheat cultivars”
e1“the Iba-99 cultivar significantly excelled in the number of tillers per meter square”
e2“number of grains per spike (50.03 grain spike −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Iba-99 wheat significantly excelled in grain yield (5.027 tons ha −1).
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Iba-99e1
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- significantly excellede1
- Value
- 5.027 tons ha −1e2
- Setting
- Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdade0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was implemented during during of crop year 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdad to evaluate the influence of row orientation and planting density on certain growth traits, grain yield, and quality indices of bread wheat cultivars”
e1“the Iba-99 cultivar significantly excelled in the number of tillers per meter square”
e2“grain yield (5.027 tons ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Buhooth-10 wheat was significantly superior in gluten content in grains (33.15%).
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Buhooth-10e1
- Outcome
- gluten content in grainse1
- Direction
- significantly superiore1
- Value
- 33.15%e1
- Setting
- Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdade0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was implemented during during of crop year 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdad to evaluate the influence of row orientation and planting density on certain growth traits, grain yield, and quality indices of bread wheat cultivars”
e1“while the Buhooth-10 cultivar were significantly superior in the gluten content in grains (33.15%)”
Claim · model-written summary
A 120 kg ha −1 planting density significantly increased tillers per square meter (433.39 tiller m −2) in bread wheat.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 120 kg ha −1 planting densitye1
- Outcome
- number of tillers per meter squaree1
- Direction
- significantly superiore1
- Value
- 433.39 tiller m −2e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was implemented during during of crop year 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdad to evaluate the influence of row orientation and planting density on certain growth traits, grain yield, and quality indices of bread wheat cultivars”
e1“The 120 kg ha −1 planting density was significantly superior in the number of tillers per meter square”
e2“(433.39 tiller m −2 )”
Claim · model-written summary
A 120 kg ha −1 planting density significantly increased number of spikes per square meter (347.20 spike m −2) in bread wheat.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 120 kg ha −1 planting densitye1
- Outcome
- number of spikes per meter squaree2
- Direction
- significantly superiore1
- Value
- 347.20 spike m −2e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was implemented during during of crop year 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdad to evaluate the influence of row orientation and planting density on certain growth traits, grain yield, and quality indices of bread wheat cultivars”
e1“The 120 kg ha −1 planting density was significantly superior in the number of tillers per meter square”
e2“number of spikes per meter square (347.20 spike m −2 )”
Claim · model-written summary
A 120 kg ha −1 planting density significantly increased grain yield (5.207 tons ha −1) in bread wheat.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 120 kg ha −1 planting densitye1
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- significantly superiore1
- Value
- 5.207 tons ha −1e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was implemented during during of crop year 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdad to evaluate the influence of row orientation and planting density on certain growth traits, grain yield, and quality indices of bread wheat cultivars”
e1“The 120 kg ha −1 planting density was significantly superior in the number of tillers per meter square”
e2“grain yield (5.207 tons ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
An 80 kg ha −1 seeding rate significantly increased grains per spike (50.82 grain spike −1) in bread wheat.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 80 kg ha −1 seeding ratee1
- Outcome
- number of grains per spikee1
- Direction
- significantly excellede1
- Value
- 50.82 grain spike −1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was implemented during during of crop year 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdad to evaluate the influence of row orientation and planting density on certain growth traits, grain yield, and quality indices of bread wheat cultivars”
e1“whereas the 80 kg ha −1 seeding rate significantly excelled in the number of grains per spike (50.82 grain spike −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
An 80 kg ha −1 seeding rate significantly increased gluten content in grains (33.26%) in bread wheat.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 80 kg ha −1 seeding ratee1
- Outcome
- gluten content in grainse2
- Direction
- significantly excellede1
- Value
- 33.26%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was implemented during during of crop year 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdad to evaluate the influence of row orientation and planting density on certain growth traits, grain yield, and quality indices of bread wheat cultivars”
e1“whereas the 80 kg ha −1 seeding rate significantly excelled in the number of grains per spike (50.82 grain spike −1 )”
e2“gluten content in grains (33.26%)”
Claim · model-written summary
East-West row orientation significantly increased tillers per square meter (419.98 tiller m −2) in bread wheat.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- East-West row orientatione1
- Outcome
- number of tillers per meter squaree1
- Direction
- significantly excellede1
- Value
- 419.98 tiller m −2e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was implemented during during of crop year 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdad to evaluate the influence of row orientation and planting density on certain growth traits, grain yield, and quality indices of bread wheat cultivars”
e1“The East-West row orientation significantly excelled in the number of tillers per meter square”
e2“(419.98 tiller m −2 )”
Claim · model-written summary
East-West row orientation significantly increased flag leaf area (43.39 cm 2) in bread wheat.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- East-West row orientatione1
- Outcome
- flag leaf areae2
- Direction
- significantly excellede1
- Value
- 43.39 cm 2e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was implemented during during of crop year 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdad to evaluate the influence of row orientation and planting density on certain growth traits, grain yield, and quality indices of bread wheat cultivars”
e1“The East-West row orientation significantly excelled in the number of tillers per meter square”
e2“flag leaf area (43.39 cm 2 )”
Claim · model-written summary
East-West row orientation significantly increased number of spikes per square meter (331.98 spike m −2) in bread wheat.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- East-West row orientatione1
- Outcome
- number of spikes per meter squaree2
- Direction
- significantly excellede1
- Value
- 331.98 spike m −2e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was implemented during during of crop year 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdad to evaluate the influence of row orientation and planting density on certain growth traits, grain yield, and quality indices of bread wheat cultivars”
e1“The East-West row orientation significantly excelled in the number of tillers per meter square”
e2“number of spikes per meter square (331.98 spike m −2 )”
Claim · model-written summary
East-West row orientation significantly increased grains per spike (48.93 grain spike −1) in bread wheat.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- East-West row orientatione1
- Outcome
- number of grains per spikee2
- Direction
- significantly excellede1
- Value
- 48.93 grain spike −1e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was implemented during during of crop year 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdad to evaluate the influence of row orientation and planting density on certain growth traits, grain yield, and quality indices of bread wheat cultivars”
e1“The East-West row orientation significantly excelled in the number of tillers per meter square”
e2“number of grains per spike (48.93 grain spike −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
East-West row orientation significantly increased grain yield (4.934 tons ha −1) in bread wheat.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- East-West row orientatione1
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- significantly excellede1
- Value
- 4.934 tons ha −1e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was implemented during during of crop year 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdad to evaluate the influence of row orientation and planting density on certain growth traits, grain yield, and quality indices of bread wheat cultivars”
e1“The East-West row orientation significantly excelled in the number of tillers per meter square”
e2“grain yield (4.934 tons ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
East-West row orientation significantly increased gluten content in grains (33.11%) in bread wheat.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- East-West row orientatione1
- Outcome
- gluten content in grainse2
- Direction
- significantly excellede1
- Value
- 33.11%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was implemented during during of crop year 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdad to evaluate the influence of row orientation and planting density on certain growth traits, grain yield, and quality indices of bread wheat cultivars”
e1“The East-West row orientation significantly excelled in the number of tillers per meter square”
e2“gluten content in grains (33.11%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The di and tri-interaction between row orientation, planting density and cultivar had no significant effect on most studied traits of bread wheat.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- The di and tri-interaction between studied factorse1
- Outcome
- the most studied traitse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A field experiment was implemented during during of crop year 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Engineering Research Station of the University of Baghdad to evaluate the influence of row orientation and planting density on certain growth traits, grain yield, and quality indices of bread wheat cultivars”
e1“The di and tri-interaction between studied factors hadn’t a significant effects on the most studied traits”
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