Abstract
Salinity poses a significant threat to crop productivity worldwide, prompting the need for effective strategies to enhance plants' tolerance. The cowpea plant is known for its nutritional value and capacity to withstand salinity to a certain level. Proline, an amino acid known for its role in salt tolerance in various crops, has been hypothesized to mitigate salinity-induced damage by regulating some plant's physiological processes. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the potential use of proline in cowpea plantations in saline soils. Cowpea seeds were planted in pots and watered with varying concentrations of NaCl and proline solutions to determine the optimal proline concentration for alleviating salinity stress. The effects of salinity and proline application were assessed by measuring the plant's biomass, Na + and K + ion content, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) levels, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants following proline treatment under salinity to elucidate the mechanism underlying proline's mitigation effects. The results indicate that cowpea plants exhibited the highest salinity tolerance at 150 mM NaCl and 30 mM proline treatment. Compared to water-irrigated plants, proline irrigation under salinity insignificantly ( P ≤ 0.05) showed changes in the plant biomass, where salinity only reduced the average shoot height by 5.5%, maintained fresh weight at about 100%, and increased dry weight by over 15.1%. Proline application reduced the average Na + content by 71.5%, helping to maintain the Na + /K + balance under salinity compared to plants grown under salinity without proline. Proline also helped sustain relative water content by 40.4% but did not significantly enhance endogenous proline accumulation or soluble sugar levels under salinity. Furthermore, proline significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) reduced hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), by 47.2% while slightly decreasing total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), glutathione, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, under salinity. These findings suggest that proline enhances cowpea resilience to salinity by maintaining water content, regulating ion homeostasis, and mitigating H 2 O 2 oxidative stress. This study highlights the potential application of proline-enriched organic fertilizers as a strategy to alleviate soil salinity and support sustainable cowpea cultivation.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea plants showed the highest salinity tolerance at 150 mM NaCl with 30 mM proline.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatat0 - Treatment
- 150 mM NaCl and 30 mM proline treatmente1
- Outcome
- salinity tolerancee1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Proline enhances cowpea resilience to salinity”
e1“The results indicate that cowpea plants exhibited the highest salinity tolerance at 150 mM NaCl and 30 mM proline treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline irrigation under salinity showed insignificant changes in plant biomass compared with water-irrigated plants.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- proline irrigation under salinitye2
- Outcome
- plant biomasse2
- Comparator
- water-irrigated plantse2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Proline enhances cowpea resilience to salinity”
e2“Compared to water-irrigated plants, proline irrigation under salinity insignificantly ( P ≤ 0.05) showed changes in the plant biomass, where salinity only reduced the average shoot height by 5.5%, maintained fresh weight at about 100%, and increased dry weight by over 15.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced average shoot height by 5.5% relative to water-irrigated plants.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- salinitye2
- Outcome
- average shoot heighte2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 5.5%e2
- Comparator
- water-irrigated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Proline enhances cowpea resilience to salinity”
e2“Compared to water-irrigated plants, proline irrigation under salinity insignificantly ( P ≤ 0.05) showed changes in the plant biomass, where salinity only reduced the average shoot height by 5.5%, maintained fresh weight at about 100%, and increased dry weight by over 15.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity maintained fresh weight at about 100% of water-irrigated plants.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- salinitye2
- Outcome
- fresh weighte2
- Direction
- maintainede2
- Value
- about 100%e2
- Comparator
- water-irrigated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Proline enhances cowpea resilience to salinity”
e2“Compared to water-irrigated plants, proline irrigation under salinity insignificantly ( P ≤ 0.05) showed changes in the plant biomass, where salinity only reduced the average shoot height by 5.5%, maintained fresh weight at about 100%, and increased dry weight by over 15.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased dry weight by over 15.1% relative to water-irrigated plants.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- salinitye2
- Outcome
- dry weighte2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- over 15.1%e2
- Comparator
- water-irrigated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Proline enhances cowpea resilience to salinity”
e2“Compared to water-irrigated plants, proline irrigation under salinity insignificantly ( P ≤ 0.05) showed changes in the plant biomass, where salinity only reduced the average shoot height by 5.5%, maintained fresh weight at about 100%, and increased dry weight by over 15.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline application reduced average Na + content by 71.5% under salinity compared with salinity without proline.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Proline applicatione3
- Outcome
- average Na + contente3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 71.5%e3
- Comparator
- plants grown under salinity without prolinee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Proline enhances cowpea resilience to salinity”
e3“Proline application reduced the average Na + content by 71.5%, helping to maintain the Na + /K + balance under salinity compared to plants grown under salinity without proline”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline application helped maintain the Na+/K+ balance under salinity.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Proline applicatione3
- Outcome
- Na + /K + balancee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Proline enhances cowpea resilience to salinity”
e3“Proline application reduced the average Na + content by 71.5%, helping to maintain the Na + /K + balance under salinity compared to plants grown under salinity without proline”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline helped sustain relative water content by 40.4% under salinity.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Prolinee4
- Outcome
- relative water contente4
- Direction
- helped sustaine4
- Value
- 40.4%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Proline enhances cowpea resilience to salinity”
e4“Proline also helped sustain relative water content by 40.4% but did not significantly enhance endogenous proline accumulation or soluble sugar levels under salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline did not significantly enhance endogenous proline accumulation or soluble sugar levels under salinity.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- Prolinee4
- Outcome
- endogenous proline accumulation or soluble sugar levelse4
- Direction
- did not significantly enhancee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Proline enhances cowpea resilience to salinity”
e4“Proline also helped sustain relative water content by 40.4% but did not significantly enhance endogenous proline accumulation or soluble sugar levels under salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline significantly reduced hydrogen peroxide by 47.2% under salinity.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- prolinee5
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxidee5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 47.2%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Proline enhances cowpea resilience to salinity”
e5“Furthermore, proline significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) reduced hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), by 47.2% while slightly decreasing total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), glutathione, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, under salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline under salinity slightly decreased total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and glutathione.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- prolinee5
- Outcome
- total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), glutathionee5
- Direction
- slightly decreasinge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Proline enhances cowpea resilience to salinity”
e5“Furthermore, proline significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) reduced hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), by 47.2% while slightly decreasing total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), glutathione, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, under salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline under salinity slightly decreased superoxide dismutase activity.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- prolinee5
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD) activitye5
- Direction
- slightly decreasinge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Proline enhances cowpea resilience to salinity”
e5“Furthermore, proline significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) reduced hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), by 47.2% while slightly decreasing total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), glutathione, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, under salinity”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline enhances cowpea resilience to salinity by maintaining water content, regulating ion homeostasis and mitigating hydrogen peroxide oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae6
- Treatment
- prolinee6
- Outcome
- resilience to salinitye6
- Qualifier
- maintaining water content, regulating ion homeostasis, and mitigating H 2 O 2 oxidative stresse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“These findings suggest that proline enhances cowpea resilience to salinity by maintaining water content, regulating ion homeostasis, and mitigating H 2 O 2 oxidative stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline-enriched organic fertilizers may alleviate soil salinity to support sustainable cowpea cultivation.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae7
- Treatment
- proline-enriched organic fertilizerse7
- Outcome
- alleviate soil salinitye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“This study highlights the potential application of proline-enriched organic fertilizers as a strategy to alleviate soil salinity and support sustainable cowpea cultivation”
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