Abstract
Context Limitation in soil organic matter interferes with plant growth and productivity. Chemical fertilisers can provide limiting nutrients to plants, especially in barren soil, but they have detrimental effects on living organisms; therefore, plant growth-promoting (PGP) rhizobacteria may be an alternative to synthetic fertilisers to improve plant tolerance to nutrient stress. Aims This study evaluated the effects of single and co-inoculation of two PGP rhizobacterial strains with macroalgae (Cladophora glomerata) extract on barley growth. We also tested the ability of the respective strains to produce biofilm and exopolysaccharide (EPS) at different pH values under in vitro conditions. Methods Plants were cultivated in an organic matter-limited alkaline soil under field conditions. Key results All treatments increased barley growth parameters to some extent. Growth parameters increased most in Bacillus + macroalgae extract (B + MA) and Bacillus + Azotobacter + macroalgae extract (B + A + MA) treatments. These two treatments significantly enhanced shoot length by 22.9–25.7%, dry weight of shoot + spike by 118.2–154.5%, total weight of grains by 76.5–78.1%, and number of grains per spike by 94.8–112.1% in comparison with the control. The respective two treatments also increased biofilm formation and EPS production in response to alkaline pH. Conclusions Barley productivity may be increased by using PGP strains with greater potential to produce biofilm and EPS, and inoculating them with macroalgae extract. The B + MA treatment could be applied singly or in combination with Azotobacter. Implications Single or co-inoculation of such PGP bacteria with macroalgae extract may be commercialised to enhance barley productivity in organic matter-limited soils.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments increased barley growth parameters to some extent.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- All treatmentse1
- Outcome
- barley growth parameterse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- to some extente1
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“increase barley productivity”
e0“Plants were cultivated in an organic matter-limited alkaline soil under field conditions”
e1“All treatments increased barley growth parameters to some extent”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus with macroalgae extract significantly enhanced barley shoot length by 22.9–25.7% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Bacillus + macroalgae extract (B + MA) and Bacillus + Azotobacter + macroalgae extract (B + A + MA)e3
- Interactor
- Bacilluse3symbiont
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Value
- 22.9–25.7%e2
- Comparator
- controle2
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“increase barley productivity”
e0“Plants were cultivated in an organic matter-limited alkaline soil under field conditions”
e2“These two treatments significantly enhanced shoot length by 22.9–25.7%, dry weight of shoot + spike by 118.2–154.5%, total weight of grains by 76.5–78.1%, and number of grains per spike by 94.8–112.1% in comparison with the control”
e3“Growth parameters increased most in Bacillus + macroalgae extract (B + MA) and Bacillus + Azotobacter + macroalgae extract (B + A + MA) treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus with macroalgae extract significantly enhanced dry weight of barley shoot plus spike by 118.2–154.5% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Bacillus + macroalgae extract (B + MA) and Bacillus + Azotobacter + macroalgae extract (B + A + MA)e3
- Interactor
- Bacilluse3symbiont
- Outcome
- dry weight of shoot + spikee2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Value
- 118.2–154.5%e2
- Comparator
- controle2
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“increase barley productivity”
e0“Plants were cultivated in an organic matter-limited alkaline soil under field conditions”
e2“These two treatments significantly enhanced shoot length by 22.9–25.7%, dry weight of shoot + spike by 118.2–154.5%, total weight of grains by 76.5–78.1%, and number of grains per spike by 94.8–112.1% in comparison with the control”
e3“Growth parameters increased most in Bacillus + macroalgae extract (B + MA) and Bacillus + Azotobacter + macroalgae extract (B + A + MA) treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus with macroalgae extract significantly enhanced total weight of barley grains by 76.5–78.1% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Bacillus + macroalgae extract (B + MA) and Bacillus + Azotobacter + macroalgae extract (B + A + MA)e3
- Interactor
- Bacilluse3symbiont
- Outcome
- total weight of grainse2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Value
- 76.5–78.1%e2
- Comparator
- controle2
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“increase barley productivity”
e0“Plants were cultivated in an organic matter-limited alkaline soil under field conditions”
e2“These two treatments significantly enhanced shoot length by 22.9–25.7%, dry weight of shoot + spike by 118.2–154.5%, total weight of grains by 76.5–78.1%, and number of grains per spike by 94.8–112.1% in comparison with the control”
e3“Growth parameters increased most in Bacillus + macroalgae extract (B + MA) and Bacillus + Azotobacter + macroalgae extract (B + A + MA) treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus with macroalgae extract significantly enhanced number of grains per barley spike by 94.8–112.1% compared with the control.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Bacillus + macroalgae extract (B + MA) and Bacillus + Azotobacter + macroalgae extract (B + A + MA)e3
- Interactor
- Bacilluse3symbiont
- Outcome
- number of grains per spikee2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Value
- 94.8–112.1%e2
- Comparator
- controle2
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“increase barley productivity”
e0“Plants were cultivated in an organic matter-limited alkaline soil under field conditions”
e2“These two treatments significantly enhanced shoot length by 22.9–25.7%, dry weight of shoot + spike by 118.2–154.5%, total weight of grains by 76.5–78.1%, and number of grains per spike by 94.8–112.1% in comparison with the control”
e3“Growth parameters increased most in Bacillus + macroalgae extract (B + MA) and Bacillus + Azotobacter + macroalgae extract (B + A + MA) treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The two treatments increased biofilm formation and EPS production of the strains in response to alkaline pH.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- respective two treatmentse4
- Outcome
- biofilm formation and EPS productione4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- in response to alkaline pHe4
- Setting
- in vitro conditionse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“increase barley productivity”
e4“The respective two treatments also increased biofilm formation and EPS production in response to alkaline pH”
e5“We also tested the ability of the respective strains to produce biofilm and exopolysaccharide (EPS) at different pH values under in vitro conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley productivity may be increased by using PGP strains with greater biofilm and EPS potential and inoculating them with macroalgae extract.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Interactor
- PGP strainse6symbiont
- Outcome
- Barley productivitye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“increase barley productivity”
e6“Barley productivity may be increased by using PGP strains with greater potential to produce biofilm and EPS, and inoculating them with macroalgae extract”
Claim · model-written summary
The B + MA treatment could be applied singly or in combination with Azotobacter.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- applied singly or in combination with Azotobactere7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“increase barley productivity”
e7“The B + MA treatment could be applied singly or in combination with Azotobacter”
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