Abstract
The use of chemical stimulants in resin tapping is essential for prolonging the resin flow and enhancing production. Traditional stimulants, primarily composed of sulfuric acid, pose concerns related to workplace safety, environmental impact, and tree health. In this study, we compared alternative stimulant pastes containing ethrel, salicylic acid, and citric acid with the traditional Spanish and Brazilian stimulant pastes with higher contents of sulfuric acid. We tapped Pinus pinaster seedlings with five different stimulants, using untreated and mechanically wounded plants as controls. The resin yield, tree growth, and physiological parameters were compared. The pines stimulated with citric acid released ca. 50% more resin, while ethrel and salicylic acid yielded similar amounts to the traditional paste, suggesting their potential as viable alternatives. Although all stimulants reduced the seedling growth, no significant differences were observed in the midday water potential or stomatal conductance. The internal resin accumulation and resin canal density were strongly correlated with the total resin production, and more-acidic pastes tended to cause xylem damage and resin retention. Our findings suggest that moderate acidity is sufficient to trigger resin biosynthesis and release, and that safer, less corrosive formulations, like citric acid, may provide viable, safer, and more sustainable alternatives to conventional stimulants. While the results from the seedlings provide a rapid and cost-effective screening tool, anatomical and physiological differences from mature trees should be considered when extrapolating findings to operational settings.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid stimulation released about 50% more resin.
- Taxon
- Pinus pinaster
.jpg?width=60)
Pinus pinastert0 - Treatment
- citric acide0
- Outcome
- resine0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- ca. 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The pines stimulated with citric acid released ca. 50% more resin”
t0“Pinus pinaster”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethrel yielded resin amounts similar to the traditional paste.
- Taxon
- Pinus pinasterPinus pinastert0
- Treatment
- ethrele0
- Outcome
- amountse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- traditional pastee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ethrel and salicylic acid yielded similar amounts to the traditional paste”
t0“Pinus pinaster”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid yielded resin amounts similar to the traditional paste.
- Taxon
- Pinus pinasterPinus pinastert0
- Treatment
- salicylic acide0
- Outcome
- amountse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- traditional pastee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ethrel and salicylic acid yielded similar amounts to the traditional paste”
t0“Pinus pinaster”
Claim · model-written summary
All stimulants reduced seedling growth.
- Taxon
- Pinus pinasterPinus pinastert0
- Treatment
- all stimulantse0
- Outcome
- seedling growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all stimulants reduced the seedling growth”
t0“Pinus pinaster”
Claim · model-written summary
Midday water potential did not differ significantly across stimulants.
- Taxon
- Pinus pinasterPinus pinastert0
- Treatment
- all stimulantse0
- Outcome
- midday water potentiale0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although all stimulants reduced the seedling growth, no significant differences were observed in the midday water potential or stomatal conductance”
t0“Pinus pinaster”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomatal conductance did not differ significantly across stimulants.
- Taxon
- Pinus pinasterPinus pinastert0
- Treatment
- all stimulantse0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although all stimulants reduced the seedling growth, no significant differences were observed in the midday water potential or stomatal conductance”
t0“Pinus pinaster”
Claim · model-written summary
Internal resin accumulation correlated strongly with total resin production.
- Taxon
- Pinus pinasterPinus pinastert0
- Organ / stage
- internal resin accumulatione0
- Outcome
- total resin productione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The internal resin accumulation and resin canal density were strongly correlated with the total resin production”
t0“Pinus pinaster”
Claim · model-written summary
Resin canal density correlated strongly with total resin production.
- Taxon
- Pinus pinasterPinus pinastert0
- Organ / stage
- resin canal densitye0
- Outcome
- total resin productione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The internal resin accumulation and resin canal density were strongly correlated with the total resin production”
t0“Pinus pinaster”
Claim · model-written summary
More acidic pastes tended to cause xylem damage.
- Taxon
- Pinus pinasterPinus pinastert0
- Treatment
- more-acidic pastese0
- Outcome
- xylem damagee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more-acidic pastes tended to cause xylem damage and resin retention”
t0“Pinus pinaster”
Claim · model-written summary
More acidic pastes tended to cause resin retention.
- Taxon
- Pinus pinasterPinus pinastert0
- Treatment
- more-acidic pastese0
- Outcome
- resin retentione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more-acidic pastes tended to cause xylem damage and resin retention”
t0“Pinus pinaster”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer moderate acidity suffices to trigger resin biosynthesis and release.
- Taxon
- Pinus pinasterPinus pinastert0
- Treatment
- moderate aciditye0
- Outcome
- resin biosynthesis and releasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderate acidity is sufficient to trigger resin biosynthesis and release”
t0“Pinus pinaster”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose citric acid as a safer alternative to conventional stimulants.
- Taxon
- Pinus pinasterPinus pinastert0
- Outcome
- safer, less corrosive formulations, like citric acide0
- Comparator
- conventional stimulantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“safer, less corrosive formulations, like citric acid, may provide viable, safer, and more sustainable alternatives to conventional stimulants”
t0“Pinus pinaster”