Abstract
Drought-tolerant multifunctional soil bacteria can increase drought tolerance mechanisms in plants. Here, rhizobacteria CRB-4 and SPGPR-11 were isolated and their single and co-inoculation effect was evaluated in drought-stressed tomato plants. Isolates were selected based on their preliminary polyethylene glycol (PEG) screening, and plant growth-promoting properties. Increasing water stress adversely affected growth and physiological attributes of tomato plant. However, plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), particularly their combined inoculation, alleviated drought stress. For instance, CRB-4, SPGPR-11 and their co-inoculation significantly increased root biomass (33.3, 37.5% and 45.4%), total chlorophyll (17.5, 15.6% and 19.2%) and carotenoid content (20, 30.4% and 48.3%) in 3%-PEG-stressed tomatoes. Similarly, co-inoculation of 3%-PEG-treated plants with PGP isolates resulted in a significant increase in Fv/Fm (50%), Fv'/Fm' (29.4%), PS-II (44.4%), Pq (40%), NPQ (40%), and effective electron transfer rate (37.5%). Furthermore, under 5%-PEG stress, CRB-4, SPGPR-11, and their co-inoculation enhanced drought stress resilience in tomato by improving leaf gas exchange attributes. Combined inoculation significantly enhanced gs (19%), Ci (31.2%), transpiration rate (41%), water vapor deficit (38.7%), iWUE (33.7%), and photosynthetic rate (33.3%) in 5%-PEG-stressed tomatoes. Among the treatments, co-inoculations significantly enhanced the antioxidant defense responses in drought-stressed tomatoes. Concurrently, qRT-PCR analysis revealed a significant upregulation in ROS scavenging genes, SOD, CAT, APX, GR, and POD, by 6.53, 14.08, 11.72, 10.12, and 5.95-fold, respectively, in drought-stressed plants co-inoculated with bacterial strains. This study concludes that PGP isolates CRB-4 and SPGPR-11, alone or in combination, offer an effective, eco-friendly solution for improving drought resilience in tomatoes.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing water stress worsened tomato growth and physiological traits.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- Increasing water stresse0
- Outcome
- growth and physiological attributese0
- Direction
- adversely affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing water stress adversely affected growth and physiological attributes of tomato plant.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 3% PEG stress, CRB-4 increased tomato root biomass by 33.3%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“CRB-4, SPGPR-11 and their co-inoculation significantly increased root biomass (33.3, 37.5% and 45.4%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 3% PEG stress, SPGPR-11 increased tomato root biomass by 37.5%.
- Treatment
- SPGPR-11e0
- Interactor
- SPGPR-11e0symbiont
- Outcome
- root biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 37.5%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“CRB-4, SPGPR-11 and their co-inoculation significantly increased root biomass (33.3, 37.5% and 45.4%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 3% PEG stress, co-inoculation increased tomato root biomass by 45.4%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“their co-inoculation significantly increased root biomass (33.3, 37.5% and 45.4%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 3% PEG stress, CRB-4 increased tomato total chlorophyll by 17.5%.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“total chlorophyll (17.5, 15.6% and 19.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 3% PEG stress, SPGPR-11 increased tomato total chlorophyll by 15.6%.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“total chlorophyll (17.5, 15.6% and 19.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 3% PEG stress, co-inoculation increased tomato total chlorophyll by 19.2%.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“total chlorophyll (17.5, 15.6% and 19.2%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 3% PEG stress, CRB-4 increased tomato carotenoid content by 20%.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“carotenoid content (20, 30.4% and 48.3%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 3% PEG stress, SPGPR-11 increased tomato carotenoid content by 30.4%.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“carotenoid content (20, 30.4% and 48.3%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 3% PEG stress, co-inoculation increased tomato carotenoid content by 48.3%.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“carotenoid content (20, 30.4% and 48.3%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 3% PEG stress, co-inoculation improved Fv/Fm by 50%, Fv'/Fm' by 29.4%, and PS-II by 44.4%.
- Treatment
- co-inoculation of 3%-PEG-treated plants with PGP isolatese0
- Outcome
- Fv/Fme0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“co-inoculation of 3%-PEG-treated plants with PGP isolates resulted in a significant increase in Fv/Fm (50%), Fv'/Fm' (29.4%), PS-II (44.4%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 3% PEG stress, co-inoculation increased Pq and NPQ by 40% each and effective electron transfer rate by 37.5%.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Pq (40%), NPQ (40%), and effective electron transfer rate (37.5%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 5% PEG stress, CRB-4, SPGPR-11, and co-inoculation improved tomato leaf gas exchange traits.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- 5%-PEG stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf gas exchange attributese0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under 5%-PEG stress, CRB-4, SPGPR-11, and their co-inoculation enhanced drought stress resilience in tomato by improving leaf gas exchange attributes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 5% PEG stress, co-inoculation increased stomatal conductance by 19%, internal CO2 by 31.2%, and transpiration by 41%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Combined inoculation significantly enhanced gs (19%), Ci (31.2%), transpiration rate (41%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under 5% PEG stress, co-inoculation increased water vapor deficit by 38.7%, iWUE by 33.7%, and photosynthetic rate by 33.3%.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“water vapor deficit (38.7%), iWUE (33.7%), and photosynthetic rate (33.3%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation enhanced antioxidant defence in drought-stressed tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- co-inoculationse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant defense responsese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“co-inoculations significantly enhanced the antioxidant defense responses in drought-stressed tomatoes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation upregulated ROS scavenging genes SOD, CAT, and APX by 6.53-, 14.08-, and 11.72-fold respectively.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“significant upregulation in ROS scavenging genes, SOD, CAT, APX, GR, and POD, by 6.53, 14.08, 11.72, 10.12, and 5.95-fold, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-inoculation upregulated ROS scavenging genes GR and POD by 10.12- and 5.95-fold respectively.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“significant upregulation in ROS scavenging genes, SOD, CAT, APX, GR, and POD, by 6.53, 14.08, 11.72, 10.12, and 5.95-fold, respectively”
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