Abstract
Lead (Pb) toxicity significantly hinders plant development, physiology, and biochemistry. This study examined the efficacy of sulfur (S) and iron (Fe) nanoparticles (NPs) in mitigating Pb-induced toxicity in cotton. Seventeen-day-old seedlings were subjected to Pb (50 µM), either independently or in conjunction with SNPs (50 mg/L) or FeNPs (50 mg/L). Pb exposure markedly diminished plant height and biomass, compromised photosynthetic pigment levels, and increased oxidative stress indicators, including hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), superoxide anion, methylglyoxal (MG), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Despite the upregulation of antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, SOD, APX, GR) and the glyoxalase system (Gly I, Gly II) under Pb stress, the introduction of NPs further augmented these defensive responses, revealing significant distinctions between the two NP types. The addition of SNPs significantly elevated the concentrations of sulfur-containing substances (cysteine, glutathione) and phytochelatins, facilitating lead retention primarily in the roots, hence restricting its transfer to the shoots. Conversely, FeNPs treatment more efficiently reinstated Fe homeostasis, enhanced chlorophyll production, and restored photosynthetic function. Gene expression study indicated that Pb stress inhibited the expression of Fe uptake-related genes ( IRT1 , IRT2 , YSL2 , YSL13 , FRDL1 ) while enhancing the expression of Pb transporter genes ( HMA2 , HMA3 , HMA4 ) and thiol metabolism genes ( GSH1 , PCS1 , ABCC1 ). Both NPs partially mitigated these gene expression patterns; however, FeNPs primarily augmented the expression of Fe transport genes, whereas SNPs more significantly stimulated thiol-related genes. The work demonstrates that SNPs and FeNPs mitigate Pb toxicity through independent but complementary defensive mechanisms: SNPs primarily facilitate Pb detoxification by augmenting thiol metabolism and limiting Pb mobility, while FeNPs restore nutritional equilibrium and enhance photosynthetic efficiency. These findings offer novel insights into the customized application of nanoparticles for alleviating heavy metal stress in plants.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Lead exposure reduced cotton height and biomass.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- Pb exposuree0
- Outcome
- plant height and biomasse0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pb exposure markedly diminished plant height and biomass, compromised photosynthetic pigment levels, and increased oxidative stress indicators, including hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), superoxide anion, methylglyoxal (MG), and malondialdehyde (MDA).”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead exposure reduced photosynthetic pigment levels.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pb exposuree0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigment levelse0
- Direction
- compromisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pb exposure markedly diminished plant height and biomass, compromised photosynthetic pigment levels, and increased oxidative stress indicators, including hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), superoxide anion, methylglyoxal (MG), and malondialdehyde (MDA).”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead exposure increased hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion and methylglyoxal indicators.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pb exposuree0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), superoxide anion, methylglyoxal (MG)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pb exposure markedly diminished plant height and biomass, compromised photosynthetic pigment levels, and increased oxidative stress indicators, including hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), superoxide anion, methylglyoxal (MG), and malondialdehyde (MDA).”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead exposure increased malondialdehyde.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pb exposuree0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pb exposure markedly diminished plant height and biomass, compromised photosynthetic pigment levels, and increased oxidative stress indicators, including hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), superoxide anion, methylglyoxal (MG), and malondialdehyde (MDA).”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead stress increased antioxidant enzyme activity and the glyoxalase system.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pb stresse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, SOD, APX, GR) and the glyoxalase system (Gly I, Gly II)e0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Despite the upregulation of antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, SOD, APX, GR) and the glyoxalase system (Gly I, Gly II) under Pb stress, the introduction of NPs further augmented these defensive responses, revealing significant distinctions between the two NP types.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticles further increased antioxidant enzyme and glyoxalase responses under lead stress.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- introduction of NPse0
- Outcome
- these defensive responsese0
- Direction
- augmentede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Despite the upregulation of antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, SOD, APX, GR) and the glyoxalase system (Gly I, Gly II) under Pb stress, the introduction of NPs further augmented these defensive responses, revealing significant distinctions between the two NP types.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur nanoparticles increased cysteine, glutathione and phytochelatin concentrations.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- SNPse0
- Outcome
- concentrations of sulfur-containing substances (cysteine, glutathione) and phytochelatinse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of SNPs significantly elevated the concentrations of sulfur-containing substances (cysteine, glutathione) and phytochelatins, facilitating lead retention primarily in the roots, hence restricting its transfer to the shoots.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur nanoparticles favored lead retention in roots and restricted transfer to shoots.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- SNPse0
- Outcome
- lead retention primarily in the rootse0
- Qualifier
- restricting its transfer to the shootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of SNPs significantly elevated the concentrations of sulfur-containing substances (cysteine, glutathione) and phytochelatins, facilitating lead retention primarily in the roots, hence restricting its transfer to the shoots.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron nanoparticles restored iron homeostasis.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- FeNPs treatmente0
- Outcome
- Fe homeostasise0
- Direction
- reinstatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, FeNPs treatment more efficiently reinstated Fe homeostasis, enhanced chlorophyll production, and restored photosynthetic function.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron nanoparticles increased chlorophyll production and restored photosynthetic function.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- FeNPs treatmente0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll production, and restored photosynthetic functione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, FeNPs treatment more efficiently reinstated Fe homeostasis, enhanced chlorophyll production, and restored photosynthetic function.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead stress inhibited expression of iron uptake genes.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pb stresse0
- Gene
- IRT1 , IRT2 , YSL2 , YSL13 , FRDL1e0
- Outcome
- expression of Fe uptake-related genese0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gene expression study indicated that Pb stress inhibited the expression of Fe uptake-related genes ( IRT1 , IRT2 , YSL2 , YSL13 , FRDL1 ) while enhancing the expression of Pb transporter genes ( HMA2 , HMA3 , HMA4 ) and thiol metabolism genes ( GSH1 , PCS1 , ABCC1 ).”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead stress enhanced expression of lead transporter genes.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pb stresse0
- Gene
- HMA2 , HMA3 , HMA4e0
- Outcome
- expression of Pb transporter genese0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gene expression study indicated that Pb stress inhibited the expression of Fe uptake-related genes ( IRT1 , IRT2 , YSL2 , YSL13 , FRDL1 ) while enhancing the expression of Pb transporter genes ( HMA2 , HMA3 , HMA4 ) and thiol metabolism genes ( GSH1 , PCS1 , ABCC1 ).”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead stress enhanced expression of thiol metabolism genes.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Pb stresse0
- Gene
- GSH1 , PCS1 , ABCC1e0
- Outcome
- thiol metabolism genese0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gene expression study indicated that Pb stress inhibited the expression of Fe uptake-related genes ( IRT1 , IRT2 , YSL2 , YSL13 , FRDL1 ) while enhancing the expression of Pb transporter genes ( HMA2 , HMA3 , HMA4 ) and thiol metabolism genes ( GSH1 , PCS1 , ABCC1 ).”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Both nanoparticle types partly mitigated lead induced gene expression changes.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Both NPse0
- Outcome
- these gene expression patternse0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both NPs partially mitigated these gene expression patterns; however, FeNPs primarily augmented the expression of Fe transport genes, whereas SNPs more significantly stimulated thiol-related genes.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron nanoparticles increased expression of iron transport genes.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- FeNPse0
- Outcome
- expression of Fe transport genese0
- Direction
- augmentede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both NPs partially mitigated these gene expression patterns; however, FeNPs primarily augmented the expression of Fe transport genes, whereas SNPs more significantly stimulated thiol-related genes.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur nanoparticles stimulated thiol related genes.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- SNPse0
- Outcome
- thiol-related genese0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both NPs partially mitigated these gene expression patterns; however, FeNPs primarily augmented the expression of Fe transport genes, whereas SNPs more significantly stimulated thiol-related genes.”
t0“cotton”
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See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.