Abstract
Soil salinization poses a threat to the sustainability of agricultural production and has become a global issue. Cotton is an important cash crop and plays an important role in economic development. Salt stress has been harming the yield and quality of many crops, including cotton, for many years. In recent years, soil salinization has been increasing. It is crucial to study the mechanism of cotton salt tolerance and explore diversified materials and methods to alleviate the salt stress of cotton for the development of the cotton industry. Nanoparticles (NPs) are an effective means to alleviate salt stress. In this study, zinc oxide NPs (ZnO NPs) were sprayed on cotton leaves with the aim of investigating the intrinsic mechanism of NPs to alleviate salt stress in cotton. The results show that the foliar spraying of ZnO NPs significantly alleviated the negative effects of salt stress on hydroponic cotton seedlings, including the improvement of above-ground and root dry and fresh weight, leaf area, seedling height, and stem diameter. In addition, ZnO NPs can significantly improve the salt-induced oxidative stress by reducing the levels of MDA, H2O2, and O2− and increasing the activities of major antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT). Furthermore, RNA-seq showed that the foliar spraying of ZnO NPs could induce the expressions of CNGC, NHX2, AHA3, HAK17, and other genes, and reduce the expression of SKOR, combined with the CBL-CIPK pathway, which alleviated the toxic effect of excessive Na+ and reduced the loss of excessive K+ so that the Na+/K+ ratio was stabilized. In summary, our results indicate that the foliar application of ZnO NPs can alleviate high salt stress in cotton by adjusting the Na+/K+ ratio and regulating antioxidative ability. This provides a new strategy for alleviating the salt stress of cotton and other crops, which is conducive to the development of agriculture.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar ZnO nanoparticles improved above-ground and root dry and fresh weight under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- foliar spraying of ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- above-ground and root dry and fresh weighte0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Qualifier
- salt stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results show that the foliar spraying of ZnO NPs significantly alleviated the negative effects of salt stress on hydroponic cotton seedlings, including the improvement of above-ground and root dry and fresh weight, leaf area, seedling height, and stem diameter.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar ZnO nanoparticles improved leaf area, seedling height, and stem diameter under salt stress.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- leaf area, seedling height, and stem diametere0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Qualifier
- salt stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results show that the foliar spraying of ZnO NPs significantly alleviated the negative effects of salt stress on hydroponic cotton seedlings, including the improvement of above-ground and root dry and fresh weight, leaf area, seedling height, and stem diameter.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles reduced MDA, H2O2, and O2− levels under salt stress.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- MDA, H2O2, and O2−e0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Qualifier
- salt-induced oxidative stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, ZnO NPs can significantly improve the salt-induced oxidative stress by reducing the levels of MDA, H2O2, and O2− and increasing the activities of major antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT).”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticles increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities under salt stress.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Qualifier
- salt-induced oxidative stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, ZnO NPs can significantly improve the salt-induced oxidative stress by reducing the levels of MDA, H2O2, and O2− and increasing the activities of major antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT).”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar ZnO nanoparticles induced expression of CNGC, NHX2, AHA3.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of ZnO NPse0
- Gene
- CNGC, NHX2, AHA3e0
- Outcome
- expressions of CNGC, NHX2, AHA3, HAK17e0
- Direction
- inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, RNA-seq showed that the foliar spraying of ZnO NPs could induce the expressions of CNGC, NHX2, AHA3, HAK17, and other genes, and reduce the expression of SKOR, combined with the CBL-CIPK pathway, which alleviated the toxic effect of excessive Na+ and reduced the loss of excessive K+ so that the Na+/K+ ratio was stabilized.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar ZnO nanoparticles induced expression of HAK17.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of ZnO NPse0
- Gene
- HAK17e0
- Outcome
- expressions of CNGC, NHX2, AHA3, HAK17e0
- Direction
- inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, RNA-seq showed that the foliar spraying of ZnO NPs could induce the expressions of CNGC, NHX2, AHA3, HAK17, and other genes, and reduce the expression of SKOR, combined with the CBL-CIPK pathway, which alleviated the toxic effect of excessive Na+ and reduced the loss of excessive K+ so that the Na+/K+ ratio was stabilized.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar ZnO nanoparticles reduced expression of SKOR.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of ZnO NPse0
- Gene
- SKORe0
- Outcome
- expression of SKORe0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, RNA-seq showed that the foliar spraying of ZnO NPs could induce the expressions of CNGC, NHX2, AHA3, HAK17, and other genes, and reduce the expression of SKOR, combined with the CBL-CIPK pathway, which alleviated the toxic effect of excessive Na+ and reduced the loss of excessive K+ so that the Na+/K+ ratio was stabilized.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO nanoparticle spraying alleviated excess sodium toxicity, reduced potassium loss and stabilized the Na+/K+ ratio.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- Na+/K+ ratio was stabilizede0
- Qualifier
- CBL-CIPK pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, RNA-seq showed that the foliar spraying of ZnO NPs could induce the expressions of CNGC, NHX2, AHA3, HAK17, and other genes, and reduce the expression of SKOR, combined with the CBL-CIPK pathway, which alleviated the toxic effect of excessive Na+ and reduced the loss of excessive K+ so that the Na+/K+ ratio was stabilized.”
t0“Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)”
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8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.