Abstract
Silicon (Si) protects plants against insect herbivores; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Polyamines (PAs) play a crucial role in plant–insect interactions. Here, the involvement of Si in putrescine (Put) metabolism and its role in rice resistance against striped stem borer (SSB, Chilo suppressalis Walker) were investigated. The results showed that SSB larval infestation led to a substantial accumulation of free Put in rice seedlings. Si application increased rice resistance against SSB and repressed the SSB attack-induced accumulation of Put, in parallel with a decreased expression of Put biosynthesis genes encoding arginine decarboxylase (ADC1 and ADC2). Moreover, Si application had no significant effect on the wounding-induced expression of ADC1 and ADC2, but attenuated the further elevation in the transcription of ADC1 and ADC2 induced by SSB larvae oral secretion. Simultaneously, Si addition reduced the Put and spermidine contents in SSB-attacked plants. Furthermore, the exogenous application of Put attenuated Si-enhanced resistance against SSB larvae, whereas exogenous D-arginine, an inhibitor of ADC, showed similar effects to Si on rice resistance against SSB. Our findings indicate that Si improves rice resistance to SSB, at least partly by reducing herbivory-stimulated putrescine accumulation.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Striped stem borer infestation substantially increased free putrescine in rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- SSB larval infestatione0
- Interactor
- Chilo suppressalis Walker
.jpg?width=60)
Chilo suppressalise1 - Outcome
- free Pute0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedInteractor roleComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“SSB larval infestation led to a substantial accumulation of free Put in rice seedlings”
e1“striped stem borer (SSB, Chilo suppressalis Walker)”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon increased rice resistance to striped stem borer.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Si applicatione0
- Interactor
- Chilo suppressalis WalkerChilo suppressalise1
- Outcome
- rice resistance against SSBe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedInteractor roleComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si application increased rice resistance against SSB”
e1“striped stem borer (SSB, Chilo suppressalis Walker)”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon repressed borer-induced putrescine accumulation in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Si applicatione1
- Interactor
- Chilo suppressalis WalkerChilo suppressalise2
- Outcome
- accumulation of Pute0
- Direction
- repressede0
Not reportedInteractor roleComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“repressed the SSB attack-induced accumulation of Put”
e1“Si application increased rice resistance against SSB”
e2“striped stem borer (SSB, Chilo suppressalis Walker)”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon decreased expression of putrescine biosynthesis genes ADC1 and ADC2.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Si applicatione1
- Gene
- ADC1 and ADC2e0
- Outcome
- expression of Put biosynthesis genese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased expression of Put biosynthesis genes encoding arginine decarboxylase (ADC1 and ADC2)”
e1“Si application increased rice resistance against SSB”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon had no significant effect on wound-induced ADC1 and ADC2 expression.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Si applicatione0
- Gene
- ADC1 and ADC2e0
- Outcome
- wounding-induced expression of ADC1 and ADC2e0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si application had no significant effect on the wounding-induced expression of ADC1 and ADC2”
e1“Si application increased rice resistance against SSB”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon attenuated the additional induction of ADC1 and ADC2 transcription by borer oral secretion.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- Si applicatione1
- Interactor
- Chilo suppressalis WalkerChilo suppressalise3
- Gene
- ADC1 and ADC2e0
- Outcome
- transcription of ADC1 and ADC2e0
- Direction
- attenuatede0
Not reportedInteractor roleComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“attenuated the further elevation in the transcription of ADC1 and ADC2 induced by SSB larvae oral secretion”
e1“Si application had no significant effect”
e2“rice resistance against SSB and repressed”
e3“striped stem borer (SSB, Chilo suppressalis Walker)”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon reduced putrescine content in borer-attacked rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Si additione0
- Interactor
- Chilo suppressalis WalkerChilo suppressalise2
- Outcome
- Pute0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedInteractor roleComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si addition reduced the Put and spermidine contents in SSB-attacked plants”
e1“Si application increased rice resistance against SSB”
e2“striped stem borer (SSB, Chilo suppressalis Walker)”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon reduced spermidine content in borer-attacked rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Si additione0
- Interactor
- Chilo suppressalis WalkerChilo suppressalise2
- Outcome
- spermidine contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedInteractor roleComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si addition reduced the Put and spermidine contents in SSB-attacked plants”
e1“Si application increased rice resistance against SSB”
e2“striped stem borer (SSB, Chilo suppressalis Walker)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous putrescine weakened the resistance to borer larvae enhanced by silicon.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- exogenous application of Pute0
- Interactor
- Chilo suppressalis WalkerChilo suppressalise2
- Outcome
- resistance against SSB larvaee0
- Direction
- attenuatede0
- Comparator
- Si-enhanced resistancee0
Not reportedInteractor role
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the exogenous application of Put attenuated Si-enhanced resistance against SSB larvae”
e1“Si application increased rice resistance against SSB”
e2“striped stem borer (SSB, Chilo suppressalis Walker)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous D-arginine affected rice resistance to borer similarly to silicon.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- exogenous D-argininee0
- Interactor
- Chilo suppressalis WalkerChilo suppressalise1
- Outcome
- rice resistance against SSBe0
- Direction
- similar effectse0
- Comparator
- Sie0
Not reportedInteractor role
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous D-arginine, an inhibitor of ADC, showed similar effects to Si on rice resistance against SSB”
e1“striped stem borer (SSB, Chilo suppressalis Walker)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred that silicon improves borer resistance partly by reducing herbivory-stimulated putrescine accumulation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Sie0
- Outcome
- resistance to SSBe0
- Qualifier
- at least partly by reducing herbivory-stimulated putrescine accumulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Si improves rice resistance to SSB, at least partly by reducing herbivory-stimulated putrescine accumulation”
The same questions in other papers
silicon atom · molecular: expression · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
20 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
22 papers more in this group
See all 26 papers →silicon atom · Chilo suppressalis · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
infection · Chilo suppressalis · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.