Abstract
Agriculture is undergoing a transformation through innovations like nano fertilizers, which offer the potential to enhance productivity and sustainability. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of nano DAP to improve growth, yield attributes, nutrient uptake, and economic viability in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation. A two-year field experiment during the rabi seasons of (2022–23, 2023-2024) was conducted at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India, using a randomized complete block design with ten treatments. These included a control (zero P), 50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended dose of phosphorus (RDP), with or without nano DAP sprays (2.5 ml and 5 ml L −1 ), replicated three times. Results demonstrated that the application of 100% RDP combined with two foliar sprays of nano DAP significantly increased grain yield by 34.8% and 14.7% in the 2022–2023 and 2023–2024 seasons, respectively, compared to the control. However, in 2022-23, P 50 + nano 2.5 ml L −1 resulted in a 13.7% reduction in yields, while P 50 + nano 5 ml L −1 showed a 7.8% decrease compared to P 100 . In 2023-24, both treatments achieved yields comparable to P 100 . Similarly, P 75 + nano recorded yields on par with P 100 . Additionally, grain phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) uptake, showed substantial increases of 69.9% and 42.2% for P, and 54.2% and 26.7% for N in P 100 across the two seasons, compared to control. Economic analysis revealed higher net returns of US $ 1,022.30 and US $ 1,248.90 ha −1 year −1 in 2022–2023 and 2023–2024, respectively. Reducing the P application to 75% RDP with two foliar sprays of nano DAP (5 ml L −1 ) resulted in wheat yields of 4.25 t ha −1 and 6.04 t ha −1 in 2022–2023 and 2023–2024, respectively, which were statistically comparable to the yields achieved with 100% RDP. This treatment also improved N uptake (84.2, 125.0 kg ha −1 ), P uptake (20.4, 24.2 kg ha −1 ), and net returns (US $ 958.60, US $ 1,197.10 ha −1 year −1 ) during 2022–23 and 2023–24, respectively. Thus, demonstrating its potential as an economically viable and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional P 100 application.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
P100 plus two nano DAP sprays increased grain yield 34.8% against control in 2022–2023.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- 100% RDP combined with two foliar sprays of nano DAPe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 34.8%e0
- Qualifier
- 2022–2023e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of 100% RDP combined with two foliar sprays of nano DAP significantly increased grain yield by 34.8% and 14.7% in the 2022–2023 and 2023–2024 seasons, respectively, compared to the control”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
P100 plus two nano DAP sprays increased grain yield 14.7% against control in 2023–2024.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- 100% RDP combined with two foliar sprays of nano DAPe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.7%e0
- Qualifier
- 2023–2024e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of 100% RDP combined with two foliar sprays of nano DAP significantly increased grain yield by 34.8% and 14.7% in the 2022–2023 and 2023–2024 seasons, respectively, compared to the control”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
P50 plus 2.5 ml nano DAP reduced 2022-23 yield 13.7% relative to P100.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- P 50 + nano 2.5 ml L −1e0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 13.7%e0
- Qualifier
- 2022-23e0
- Comparator
- P 100e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in 2022-23, P 50 + nano 2.5 ml L −1 resulted in a 13.7% reduction in yields, while P 50 + nano 5 ml L −1 showed a 7.8% decrease compared to P 100”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
P50 plus 5 ml nano DAP reduced 2022-23 yield 7.8% relative to P100.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- P 50 + nano 5 ml L −1e0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 7.8%e0
- Qualifier
- 2022-23e0
- Comparator
- P 100e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in 2022-23, P 50 + nano 2.5 ml L −1 resulted in a 13.7% reduction in yields, while P 50 + nano 5 ml L −1 showed a 7.8% decrease compared to P 100”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Both P50 plus nano DAP treatments had yields comparable to P100 in 2023-24.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- both treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Qualifier
- 2023-24e0
- Comparator
- P 100e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2023-24, both treatments achieved yields comparable to P 100”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
P75 plus nano DAP had yields on par with P100.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- P 75 + nanoe0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- on pare0
- Comparator
- P 100e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P 75 + nano recorded yields on par with P 100”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
P100 increased grain P uptake 69.9% and 42.2% across the two seasons versus control.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- P 100e0
- Outcome
- grain phosphorus (P)e0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 69.9% and 42.2%e0
- Qualifier
- across the two seasonse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) uptake, showed substantial increases of 69.9% and 42.2% for P, and 54.2% and 26.7% for N in P 100 across the two seasons, compared to control”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
P100 increased grain N uptake 54.2% and 26.7% across the two seasons versus control.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- P 100e0
- Outcome
- nitrogen (N) uptakee0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 54.2% and 26.7%e0
- Qualifier
- across the two seasonse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) uptake, showed substantial increases of 69.9% and 42.2% for P, and 54.2% and 26.7% for N in P 100 across the two seasons, compared to control”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Net returns were US $ 1,022.30 in 2022–2023.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- US $ 1,022.30e0
- Qualifier
- 2022–2023e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher net returns of US $ 1,022.30 and US $ 1,248.90 ha −1 year −1 in 2022–2023 and 2023–2024, respectively”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Net returns were US $ 1,248.90 ha −1 year −1 in 2023–2024.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- US $ 1,248.90 ha −1 year −1e0
- Qualifier
- 2023–2024e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher net returns of US $ 1,022.30 and US $ 1,248.90 ha −1 year −1 in 2022–2023 and 2023–2024, respectively”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
P75 plus 5 ml nano DAP yielded 4.25 t ha −1 in 2022–2023, statistically comparable to P100.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 75% RDP with two foliar sprays of nano DAP (5 ml L −1 )e0
- Outcome
- wheat yieldse0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Value
- 4.25 t ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- 2022–2023e0
- Comparator
- 100% RDPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“75% RDP with two foliar sprays of nano DAP (5 ml L −1 ) resulted in wheat yields of 4.25 t ha −1 and 6.04 t ha −1 in 2022–2023 and 2023–2024, respectively, which were statistically comparable to the yields achieved with 100% RDP”
Claim · model-written summary
P75 plus 5 ml nano DAP yielded 6.04 t ha −1 in 2023–2024, statistically comparable to P100.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 75% RDP with two foliar sprays of nano DAP (5 ml L −1 )e0
- Outcome
- wheat yieldse0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Value
- 6.04 t ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- 2023–2024e0
- Comparator
- 100% RDPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“75% RDP with two foliar sprays of nano DAP (5 ml L −1 ) resulted in wheat yields of 4.25 t ha −1 and 6.04 t ha −1 in 2022–2023 and 2023–2024, respectively, which were statistically comparable to the yields achieved with 100% RDP”
Claim · model-written summary
P75 plus nano DAP improved N uptake to 84.2 and 125.0 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- This treatmente0
- Outcome
- N uptakee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 84.2, 125.0 kg ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment also improved N uptake (84.2, 125.0 kg ha −1 ), P uptake (20.4, 24.2 kg ha −1 ), and net returns (US $ 958.60, US $ 1,197.10 ha −1 year −1 ) during 2022–23 and 2023–24, respectively”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
P75 plus nano DAP improved P uptake to 20.4 and 24.2 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- This treatmente0
- Outcome
- P uptakee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 20.4, 24.2 kg ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment also improved N uptake (84.2, 125.0 kg ha −1 ), P uptake (20.4, 24.2 kg ha −1 ), and net returns (US $ 958.60, US $ 1,197.10 ha −1 year −1 ) during 2022–23 and 2023–24, respectively”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
P75 plus nano DAP improved net returns to US $ 958.60 and US $ 1,197.10 ha −1 year −1.
- Taxon
- wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- This treatmente0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- US $ 958.60, US $ 1,197.10 ha −1 year −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment also improved N uptake (84.2, 125.0 kg ha −1 ), P uptake (20.4, 24.2 kg ha −1 ), and net returns (US $ 958.60, US $ 1,197.10 ha −1 year −1 ) during 2022–23 and 2023–24, respectively”
e1“wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
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