Abstract
This study examines the dose-dependent synergistic effect of foliar-sprayed iron nanocomplex (Fe NC; 0%, 0.2%, 0.4% w/v) and the nitrophenolate biostimulant Atonik (0, 125, 250 ppm) on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings under controlled greenhouse conditions. This novel approach integrates nanotechnology and green biostimulants to enhance plant growth and physiological performance, marking a new direction of interest compared to conventional farming. At 30 days post-treatment, the optimum blend (0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonik) significantly enhanced growth indicators compared to the control: stem length (+ 84.2%), root length (+ 179.9%), leaf number (+ 190.8%), stem girth (+ 124.1%), and dry weight (+ 173.6%). Physiological improvements included net photosynthesis (Pn: +44.2%), stomatal conductance (Gs: +257.1%), and intercellular CO₂ (Ci: +264.1%), and lower stomatal limitation (Ls: -72.6%). Biochemical estimation showed high concentrations of chlorophyll a (+ 48.7%), chlorophyll b (+ 79.0%), carotenoids (+ 122.2%), soluble proteins (+ 42.2%), and carbohydrates (+ 133.3%). Hormonal regulation showed enhanced gibberellic acid (GA: +60.5%) and auxin (IAA: +74.4%) but decreased abscisic acid (ABA: -38.1% in leaves). Stem nutrient loading was improved by N (+ 75.2%), P (+ 54.6%), K (+ 48.2%), Ca (+ 40.2%), Mg (+ 32.5%), and Fe (+ 93.3%). The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic action of FeNC and nitrophenolate biostimulant (Atonik) on improving the performance of tomato seedling through combined physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms, and formulating an effective nano-biofertilizer mixture for sustainable agricultur. On the basis of these findings, future research would need to investigate the long-term effects of Fe NC and Atonik on fruit production and quality, and their use in various crop species for maximizing agricultural sustainability.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
stem length increased + 84.2% with the optimum blend.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- 0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonike0
- Outcome
- stem lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- + 84.2%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 30 days post-treatment, the optimum blend (0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonik) significantly enhanced growth indicators compared to the control: stem length (+ 84.2%), root length (+ 179.9%), leaf number (+ 190.8%), stem girth (+ 124.1%), and dry weight (+ 173.6%).”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
root length increased + 179.9% with the optimum blend.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonike0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- + 179.9%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 30 days post-treatment, the optimum blend (0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonik) significantly enhanced growth indicators compared to the control: stem length (+ 84.2%), root length (+ 179.9%), leaf number (+ 190.8%), stem girth (+ 124.1%), and dry weight (+ 173.6%).”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
leaf number increased + 190.8% with the optimum blend.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonike0
- Outcome
- leaf numbere0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- + 190.8%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 30 days post-treatment, the optimum blend (0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonik) significantly enhanced growth indicators compared to the control: stem length (+ 84.2%), root length (+ 179.9%), leaf number (+ 190.8%), stem girth (+ 124.1%), and dry weight (+ 173.6%).”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
stem girth increased + 124.1% with the optimum blend.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonike0
- Outcome
- stem girthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- + 124.1%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 30 days post-treatment, the optimum blend (0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonik) significantly enhanced growth indicators compared to the control: stem length (+ 84.2%), root length (+ 179.9%), leaf number (+ 190.8%), stem girth (+ 124.1%), and dry weight (+ 173.6%).”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
dry weight increased + 173.6% with the optimum blend.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonike0
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- + 173.6%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 30 days post-treatment, the optimum blend (0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonik) significantly enhanced growth indicators compared to the control: stem length (+ 84.2%), root length (+ 179.9%), leaf number (+ 190.8%), stem girth (+ 124.1%), and dry weight (+ 173.6%).”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
net photosynthesis changed +44.2% with the optimum blend.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonike1
- Outcome
- net photosynthesise0
- Direction
- improvementse0
- Value
- +44.2%e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physiological improvements included net photosynthesis (Pn: +44.2%), stomatal conductance (Gs: +257.1%), and intercellular CO₂ (Ci: +264.1%), and lower stomatal limitation (Ls: -72.6%).”
t0“Fe nanocomplex and nitrophenolate-based biostimulant on growth and physiological performance of tomato seedlings”
e1“At 30 days post-treatment, the optimum blend (0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonik) significantly enhanced growth indicators compared to the control: stem length (+ 84.2%), root length (+ 179.9%), leaf number (+ 190.8%), stem girth (+ 124.1%), and dry weight (+ 173.6%).”
Claim · model-written summary
stomatal conductance changed +257.1% with the optimum blend.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonike1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- improvementse0
- Value
- +257.1%e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physiological improvements included net photosynthesis (Pn: +44.2%), stomatal conductance (Gs: +257.1%), and intercellular CO₂ (Ci: +264.1%), and lower stomatal limitation (Ls: -72.6%).”
t0“Fe nanocomplex and nitrophenolate-based biostimulant on growth and physiological performance of tomato seedlings”
e1“At 30 days post-treatment, the optimum blend (0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonik) significantly enhanced growth indicators compared to the control: stem length (+ 84.2%), root length (+ 179.9%), leaf number (+ 190.8%), stem girth (+ 124.1%), and dry weight (+ 173.6%).”
Claim · model-written summary
intercellular CO₂ changed +264.1% with the optimum blend.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonike1
- Outcome
- intercellular CO₂e0
- Direction
- improvementse0
- Value
- +264.1%e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physiological improvements included net photosynthesis (Pn: +44.2%), stomatal conductance (Gs: +257.1%), and intercellular CO₂ (Ci: +264.1%), and lower stomatal limitation (Ls: -72.6%).”
t0“Fe nanocomplex and nitrophenolate-based biostimulant on growth and physiological performance of tomato seedlings”
e1“At 30 days post-treatment, the optimum blend (0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonik) significantly enhanced growth indicators compared to the control: stem length (+ 84.2%), root length (+ 179.9%), leaf number (+ 190.8%), stem girth (+ 124.1%), and dry weight (+ 173.6%).”
Claim · model-written summary
stomatal limitation changed -72.6% with the optimum blend.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonike1
- Outcome
- stomatal limitatione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- -72.6%e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physiological improvements included net photosynthesis (Pn: +44.2%), stomatal conductance (Gs: +257.1%), and intercellular CO₂ (Ci: +264.1%), and lower stomatal limitation (Ls: -72.6%).”
t0“Fe nanocomplex and nitrophenolate-based biostimulant on growth and physiological performance of tomato seedlings”
e1“At 30 days post-treatment, the optimum blend (0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonik) significantly enhanced growth indicators compared to the control: stem length (+ 84.2%), root length (+ 179.9%), leaf number (+ 190.8%), stem girth (+ 124.1%), and dry weight (+ 173.6%).”
Claim · model-written summary
chlorophyll a concentration was higher by + 48.7%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonike1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- + 48.7%e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochemical estimation showed high concentrations of chlorophyll a (+ 48.7%), chlorophyll b (+ 79.0%), carotenoids (+ 122.2%), soluble proteins (+ 42.2%), and carbohydrates (+ 133.3%).”
t0“Fe nanocomplex and nitrophenolate-based biostimulant on growth and physiological performance of tomato seedlings”
e1“At 30 days post-treatment, the optimum blend (0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonik) significantly enhanced growth indicators compared to the control: stem length (+ 84.2%), root length (+ 179.9%), leaf number (+ 190.8%), stem girth (+ 124.1%), and dry weight (+ 173.6%).”
Claim · model-written summary
chlorophyll b concentration was higher by + 79.0%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonike1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- + 79.0%e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochemical estimation showed high concentrations of chlorophyll a (+ 48.7%), chlorophyll b (+ 79.0%), carotenoids (+ 122.2%), soluble proteins (+ 42.2%), and carbohydrates (+ 133.3%).”
t0“Fe nanocomplex and nitrophenolate-based biostimulant on growth and physiological performance of tomato seedlings”
e1“At 30 days post-treatment, the optimum blend (0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonik) significantly enhanced growth indicators compared to the control: stem length (+ 84.2%), root length (+ 179.9%), leaf number (+ 190.8%), stem girth (+ 124.1%), and dry weight (+ 173.6%).”
Claim · model-written summary
carotenoids concentration was higher by + 122.2%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonike1
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- + 122.2%e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochemical estimation showed high concentrations of chlorophyll a (+ 48.7%), chlorophyll b (+ 79.0%), carotenoids (+ 122.2%), soluble proteins (+ 42.2%), and carbohydrates (+ 133.3%).”
t0“Fe nanocomplex and nitrophenolate-based biostimulant on growth and physiological performance of tomato seedlings”
e1“At 30 days post-treatment, the optimum blend (0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonik) significantly enhanced growth indicators compared to the control: stem length (+ 84.2%), root length (+ 179.9%), leaf number (+ 190.8%), stem girth (+ 124.1%), and dry weight (+ 173.6%).”
Claim · model-written summary
soluble proteins concentration was higher by + 42.2%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonike1
- Outcome
- soluble proteinse0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- + 42.2%e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochemical estimation showed high concentrations of chlorophyll a (+ 48.7%), chlorophyll b (+ 79.0%), carotenoids (+ 122.2%), soluble proteins (+ 42.2%), and carbohydrates (+ 133.3%).”
t0“Fe nanocomplex and nitrophenolate-based biostimulant on growth and physiological performance of tomato seedlings”
e1“At 30 days post-treatment, the optimum blend (0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonik) significantly enhanced growth indicators compared to the control: stem length (+ 84.2%), root length (+ 179.9%), leaf number (+ 190.8%), stem girth (+ 124.1%), and dry weight (+ 173.6%).”
Claim · model-written summary
carbohydrates concentration was higher by + 133.3%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonike1
- Outcome
- carbohydratese0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- + 133.3%e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochemical estimation showed high concentrations of chlorophyll a (+ 48.7%), chlorophyll b (+ 79.0%), carotenoids (+ 122.2%), soluble proteins (+ 42.2%), and carbohydrates (+ 133.3%).”
t0“Fe nanocomplex and nitrophenolate-based biostimulant on growth and physiological performance of tomato seedlings”
e1“At 30 days post-treatment, the optimum blend (0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonik) significantly enhanced growth indicators compared to the control: stem length (+ 84.2%), root length (+ 179.9%), leaf number (+ 190.8%), stem girth (+ 124.1%), and dry weight (+ 173.6%).”
Claim · model-written summary
gibberellic acid changed +60.5%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonike1
- Outcome
- gibberellic acide0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- +60.5%e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hormonal regulation showed enhanced gibberellic acid (GA: +60.5%) and auxin (IAA: +74.4%) but decreased abscisic acid (ABA: -38.1% in leaves).”
t0“Fe nanocomplex and nitrophenolate-based biostimulant on growth and physiological performance of tomato seedlings”
e1“At 30 days post-treatment, the optimum blend (0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonik) significantly enhanced growth indicators compared to the control: stem length (+ 84.2%), root length (+ 179.9%), leaf number (+ 190.8%), stem girth (+ 124.1%), and dry weight (+ 173.6%).”
Claim · model-written summary
auxin changed +74.4%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonike1
- Outcome
- auxine0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- +74.4%e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hormonal regulation showed enhanced gibberellic acid (GA: +60.5%) and auxin (IAA: +74.4%) but decreased abscisic acid (ABA: -38.1% in leaves).”
t0“Fe nanocomplex and nitrophenolate-based biostimulant on growth and physiological performance of tomato seedlings”
e1“At 30 days post-treatment, the optimum blend (0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonik) significantly enhanced growth indicators compared to the control: stem length (+ 84.2%), root length (+ 179.9%), leaf number (+ 190.8%), stem girth (+ 124.1%), and dry weight (+ 173.6%).”
Claim · model-written summary
abscisic acid changed -38.1%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonike1
- Outcome
- abscisic acide0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- -38.1%e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hormonal regulation showed enhanced gibberellic acid (GA: +60.5%) and auxin (IAA: +74.4%) but decreased abscisic acid (ABA: -38.1% in leaves).”
t0“Fe nanocomplex and nitrophenolate-based biostimulant on growth and physiological performance of tomato seedlings”
e1“At 30 days post-treatment, the optimum blend (0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonik) significantly enhanced growth indicators compared to the control: stem length (+ 84.2%), root length (+ 179.9%), leaf number (+ 190.8%), stem girth (+ 124.1%), and dry weight (+ 173.6%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem N loading improved + 75.2%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonike1
- Outcome
- Stem nutrient loadinge0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- + 75.2%e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem nutrient loading was improved by N (+ 75.2%), P (+ 54.6%), K (+ 48.2%), Ca (+ 40.2%), Mg (+ 32.5%), and Fe (+ 93.3%).”
t0“Fe nanocomplex and nitrophenolate-based biostimulant on growth and physiological performance of tomato seedlings”
e1“At 30 days post-treatment, the optimum blend (0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonik) significantly enhanced growth indicators compared to the control: stem length (+ 84.2%), root length (+ 179.9%), leaf number (+ 190.8%), stem girth (+ 124.1%), and dry weight (+ 173.6%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem P loading improved + 54.6%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonike1
- Outcome
- Stem nutrient loadinge0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- + 54.6%e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem nutrient loading was improved by N (+ 75.2%), P (+ 54.6%), K (+ 48.2%), Ca (+ 40.2%), Mg (+ 32.5%), and Fe (+ 93.3%).”
t0“Fe nanocomplex and nitrophenolate-based biostimulant on growth and physiological performance of tomato seedlings”
e1“At 30 days post-treatment, the optimum blend (0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonik) significantly enhanced growth indicators compared to the control: stem length (+ 84.2%), root length (+ 179.9%), leaf number (+ 190.8%), stem girth (+ 124.1%), and dry weight (+ 173.6%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem K loading improved + 48.2%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonike1
- Outcome
- Stem nutrient loadinge0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- + 48.2%e0
Not reportedMaterialGeneOrgan / stageInteractorInteractor roleComparatorQualifier
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem nutrient loading was improved by N (+ 75.2%), P (+ 54.6%), K (+ 48.2%), Ca (+ 40.2%), Mg (+ 32.5%), and Fe (+ 93.3%).”
t0“Fe nanocomplex and nitrophenolate-based biostimulant on growth and physiological performance of tomato seedlings”
e1“At 30 days post-treatment, the optimum blend (0.4% Fe NC + 250 ppm Atonik) significantly enhanced growth indicators compared to the control: stem length (+ 84.2%), root length (+ 179.9%), leaf number (+ 190.8%), stem girth (+ 124.1%), and dry weight (+ 173.6%).”
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