Abstract
Soil salinization, intensified by climate change, poses a growing threat to agricultural sustainability across the Mediterranean basin. As salinity levels rise in Mediterranean soils, the cultivation of salt-sensitive crops like persimmons is becoming increasingly vulnerable. This study investigated the effects of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species— Glomus clarium and Claroideoglomus etunicatum— on Diospyros lotus seedlings under varying salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl). Seeds of D. lotus L. were used as a plant material, and the pot experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions. Plant dry weight, chlorophyll, Fv / Fm , root colonization, and leaf and root mineral concentrations were investigated. Statistically, root colonization varied significantly with both mycorrhizal species and salinity levels, with C. etunicatum showing higher colonization rates than G. clarium across all treatments. Under saline conditions, both AMF species-inoculated plants exhibited significantly higher fresh and dry weights, chlorophyll content (SPAD), and photosystem II efficiency ( Fv ′/ Fm ′), and reduced symptom scores. C. etunicatum demonstrated superior tolerance to salinity, maintaining higher biomass and chlorophyll fluorescence at elevated salt concentrations. Mycorrhizal dependency values exceeded 70% under salinity, reflecting the critical role of AMF in enhancing stress resilience. It was determined that D. lotus seedlings are dependent on mycorrhiza and cannot grow in conditions without mycorrhiza inoculation. Mineral nutrient analysis revealed increased concentration of Ca, K, P, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn, and moderated Na and Cl accumulation in AMF-inoculated seedlings, with G. clarium particularly effective at limiting sodium translocation. These findings demonstrate that AMF inoculation, particularly with C. etunicatum , can effectively mitigate salinity-induced damage and improve nutrient balance, growth, and physiological performance in D. lotus . The results highlight the potential of mycorrhizal inoculation for sustainable cultivation in saline soil conditions.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Root colonization differed by AMF species and salinity level.
- Taxon
- Diospyros lotus
Diospyros lotust0 - Treatment
- salinity levelse0
- Outcome
- root colonizatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root colonization varied significantly with both mycorrhizal species and salinity levels”
t0“Influences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Diospyros lotus seedlings under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
C. etunicatum colonized roots more than G. clarium across treatments.
- Taxon
- Diospyros lotusDiospyros lotust0
- Interactor
- C. etunicatum
Entrophospora etunicatae0symbiont - Outcome
- colonization ratese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- G. clariume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. etunicatum showing higher colonization rates than G. clarium across all treatments.”
t0“Influences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Diospyros lotus seedlings under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity, AMF inoculation increased fresh and dry weight.
- Taxon
- Diospyros lotusDiospyros lotust0
- Treatment
- AMF species-inoculatede0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weightse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under saline conditions, both AMF species-inoculated plants exhibited significantly higher fresh and dry weights”
t0“Influences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Diospyros lotus seedlings under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity, AMF inoculation increased chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- Diospyros lotusDiospyros lotust0
- Treatment
- AMF species-inoculatede0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content (SPAD)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under saline conditions, both AMF species-inoculated plants exhibited significantly higher fresh and dry weights, chlorophyll content (SPAD)”
t0“Influences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Diospyros lotus seedlings under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity, AMF inoculation increased photosystem II efficiency.
- Taxon
- Diospyros lotusDiospyros lotust0
- Treatment
- AMF species-inoculatede0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- photosystem II efficiency ( Fv ′/ Fm ′)e0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under saline conditions, both AMF species-inoculated plants exhibited significantly higher fresh and dry weights, chlorophyll content (SPAD), and photosystem II efficiency ( Fv ′/ Fm ′)”
t0“Influences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Diospyros lotus seedlings under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity, AMF inoculation reduced symptom scores.
- Taxon
- Diospyros lotusDiospyros lotust0
- Treatment
- AMF species-inoculatede0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- symptom scorese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under saline conditions, both AMF species-inoculated plants exhibited significantly higher fresh and dry weights, chlorophyll content (SPAD), and photosystem II efficiency ( Fv ′/ Fm ′), and reduced symptom scores.”
t0“Influences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Diospyros lotus seedlings under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
C. etunicatum maintained higher biomass and chlorophyll fluorescence at elevated salt concentrations.
- Taxon
- Diospyros lotusDiospyros lotust0
- Interactor
- C. etunicatumEntrophospora etunicatae0symbiont
- Outcome
- biomass and chlorophyll fluorescencee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- elevated salt concentrationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. etunicatum demonstrated superior tolerance to salinity, maintaining higher biomass and chlorophyll fluorescence at elevated salt concentrations.”
t0“Influences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Diospyros lotus seedlings under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal dependency exceeded 70% under salinity.
- Taxon
- Diospyros lotusDiospyros lotust0
- Outcome
- Mycorrhizal dependency valuese0
- Direction
- exceedede0
- Value
- 70%e0
- Qualifier
- under salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycorrhizal dependency values exceeded 70% under salinity”
t0“Influences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Diospyros lotus seedlings under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
D. lotus seedlings were dependent on mycorrhiza and could not grow without inoculation.
- Taxon
- D. lotusDiospyros lotuse0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizae0symbiont
- Outcome
- cannot grow in conditions without mycorrhiza inoculatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“D. lotus seedlings are dependent on mycorrhiza and cannot grow in conditions without mycorrhiza inoculation.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased Ca, K and P concentrations.
- Taxon
- Diospyros lotusDiospyros lotust0
- Treatment
- AMF-inoculatede0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- concentration of Ca, K, Pe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased concentration of Ca, K, P, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn, and moderated Na and Cl accumulation in AMF-inoculated seedlings”
t0“Influences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Diospyros lotus seedlings under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations.
- Taxon
- Diospyros lotusDiospyros lotust0
- Treatment
- AMF-inoculatede0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Mg, Fe, Mne0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased concentration of Ca, K, P, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn, and moderated Na and Cl accumulation in AMF-inoculated seedlings”
t0“Influences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Diospyros lotus seedlings under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased Zn concentration.
- Taxon
- Diospyros lotusDiospyros lotust0
- Treatment
- AMF-inoculatede0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Zne0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased concentration of Ca, K, P, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn, and moderated Na and Cl accumulation in AMF-inoculated seedlings”
t0“Influences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Diospyros lotus seedlings under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation moderated Na and Cl accumulation.
- Taxon
- Diospyros lotusDiospyros lotust0
- Treatment
- AMF-inoculatede0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Na and Cl accumulatione0
- Direction
- moderatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“moderated Na and Cl accumulation in AMF-inoculated seedlings”
t0“Influences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Diospyros lotus seedlings under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
G. clarium was particularly effective at limiting sodium translocation.
- Taxon
- Diospyros lotusDiospyros lotust0
- Interactor
- G. clariume0symbiont
- Outcome
- sodium translocatione0
- Direction
- limitinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“G. clarium particularly effective at limiting sodium translocation.”
t0“Influences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Diospyros lotus seedlings under salinity stress”
The same questions in other papers
mycorrhiza · nutrient: content · Diospyros lotus (date-plum)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.