Abstract
Rafflesia zollingeriana, a parasitic plant known for producing the world’s largest flower and depends on host plants from the Tetrastigma genus for survival. This plant was discovered in the Papring Forest of Banyuwangi, Indonesia, where it has historically been used in traditional herbal medicine. However, scientific understanding of its pharmacological potential remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and bioactive compounds in ethanol extract from the perigone of R. zollingeriana and the leaves of its host (Tetrastigma rafflesia, Tetrastigma leucostaphylum, Tetrastigma dichotomum) plants and non-host (Tetrastigma papillosum) plants. Total flavonoid content was assessed spectrophotometrically, and antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH assay. The bioactive compounds were identified using the UPLC-MS/MS. The results revealed that R. zollingeriana perigone extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity despite having low flavonoid content, suggesting that other secondary metabolites such as glycosides, polyketides, alkaloids, and lipids contribute to it. Among the host plants, T. dichotomum had the highest flavonoid content, but had moderate antioxidant activity. In contrast, the non-host T. papillosum showed relatively high flavonoid levels, but weak antioxidant activity, possibly due to its distinct metabolite profile in the absence of parasitic interaction. Overall, antioxidant activity in R. zollingeriana perigone and Tetrastigma species was not directly correlated with flavonoid content but was influenced by diversity and nature of other secondary metabolites. The distinct metabolite profiles between host and non-host species suggest that chemical factors influence parasitic compatibility.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Rafflesia zollingeriana perigone extract has strong antioxidant activity despite low flavonoid content
- Taxon
- R. zollingeriana
Rafflesia zollingerianae6 - Material
- perigone extracte6
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye6
- Qualifier
- despite having low flavonoid contente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The results revealed that R. zollingeriana perigone extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity despite having low flavonoid content”
Claim · model-written summary
Tetrastigma dichotomum has the highest flavonoid content among the host plants
- Taxon
- T. dichotomumTetrastigma dichotomume1
- Outcome
- flavonoid contente1
- Direction
- higheste1
Verbatim
e0“depends on host plants from the Tetrastigma genus for survival”
e1“Among the host plants, T. dichotomum had the highest flavonoid content”
Claim · model-written summary
Tetrastigma dichotomum has moderate antioxidant activity
- Taxon
- T. dichotomumTetrastigma dichotomume1
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye2
- Direction
- moderatee2
Verbatim
e1“Among the host plants, T. dichotomum had the highest flavonoid content”
e2“but had moderate antioxidant activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-host Tetrastigma papillosum has relatively high flavonoid levels
- Taxon
- T. papillosumTetrastigma papillosume3
- Outcome
- flavonoid levelse3
- Direction
- relatively highe3
Verbatim
e3“the non-host T. papillosum showed relatively high flavonoid levels, but weak antioxidant activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-host Tetrastigma papillosum has weak antioxidant activity
- Taxon
- T. papillosumTetrastigma papillosume3
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye3
- Direction
- weake3
Verbatim
e3“the non-host T. papillosum showed relatively high flavonoid levels, but weak antioxidant activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant activity in R. zollingeriana perigone and Tetrastigma species is not directly correlated with flavonoid content
- Taxon
- R. zollingerianaRafflesia zollingerianae4
- Material
- perigonee4
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye4
- Direction
- not directly correlatede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“antioxidant activity in R. zollingeriana perigone and Tetrastigma species was not directly correlated with flavonoid content”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant activity of R. zollingeriana is influenced by other secondary metabolites
- Taxon
- R. zollingerianaRafflesia zollingerianae4
- Compound
- other secondary metabolitese5
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye4
- Direction
- influencede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“antioxidant activity in R. zollingeriana perigone and Tetrastigma species was not directly correlated with flavonoid content”
e5“was influenced by diversity and nature of other secondary metabolites”
Claim · model-written summary
Distinct metabolite profiles between host and non-host Tetrastigma species suggest that chemical factors influence parasitic compatibility
- Taxon
- Tetrastigma
Tetrastigmae0 - Outcome
- parasitic compatibilitye7
- Qualifier
- distinct metabolite profilese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“depends on host plants from the Tetrastigma genus for survival”
e7“The distinct metabolite profiles between host and non-host species suggest that chemical factors influence parasitic compatibility”