Abstract
This study demonstrated that application of the particular plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains Erwinia sp. and Serratia sp. (named C15 and C20, respectively) significantly enhanced tea plant resilience in Zn (zinc)-, Pb (lead)-, and Zn + Pb-contaminated soils by the improving survival rates (over 60%) and chlorophyll content of tea plants, and by reducing the accumulation of these metals in tea plants’ tissues (by 19–37%). The PGPRs elevated key soil nutrients organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TH), hydrolysable nitrogen (HN), and available potassium (APO) and phosphorus (APH) contents. Compared to non-PGPR controls, both strains consistently increased microbial α-diversity (Chao1 index: +28–42% in Zn/Pb soils; Shannon index: +19–33%) across all contamination regimes. PCoA/UniFrac analyses confirmed distinct clustering of PGPR-treated communities, with strain-specific enrichment of metal-adapted taxa, including Pseudomonas (LDA = 6) and Bacillus (LDA = 4) under Zn stress; Rhodanobacter (LDA = 4) under Pb stress; and Lysobacter (LDA = 5) in Zn + Pb co-contamination. Fungal restructuring featured elevated Mortierella (LDA = 6) in Zn soils and stress-tolerant Ascomycota dominance in co-contaminated soils. Multivariate correlations revealed that the PGPR-produced auxin was positively correlated with soil carbon dynamics and Mortierellomycota abundance (r = 0.729), while the chlorophyll content in leaves was closely associated with Cyanobacteria and reduced by Pb accumulation. These findings highlighted that PGPR could mediate and improve in tea plant physiology, soil fertility, and stress-adapted microbiome recruitment under heavy metal contaminated soil and stress.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR strains improved survival rates of tea plants under heavy metal contamination.
- Taxon
- tea plantt0
- Treatment
- application of the particular plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains Erwinia sp. and Serratia sp.e0
- Second interactor
- Serratia sp.e0symbiont
- Outcome
- survival ratese0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Value
- over 60%e0
ErwiniaNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhance Tea Plant Tolerance”
e0“application of the particular plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains Erwinia sp. and Serratia sp. (named C15 and C20, respectively) significantly enhanced tea plant resilience in Zn (zinc)-, Pb (lead)-, and Zn + Pb-contaminated soils by the improving survival rates (over 60%) and chlorophyll content of tea plants, and by reducing the accumulation of these metals in tea plants’ tissues (by 19–37%)”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR strains improved chlorophyll content of tea plants under heavy metal contamination.
- Taxon
- tea plantt0
- Treatment
- application of the particular plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains Erwinia sp. and Serratia sp.e0
- Second interactor
- Serratia sp.e0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhance Tea Plant Tolerance”
e0“application of the particular plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains Erwinia sp. and Serratia sp. (named C15 and C20, respectively) significantly enhanced tea plant resilience in Zn (zinc)-, Pb (lead)-, and Zn + Pb-contaminated soils by the improving survival rates (over 60%) and chlorophyll content of tea plants, and by reducing the accumulation of these metals in tea plants’ tissues (by 19–37%)”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR strains reduced accumulation of Zn and Pb in tea plant tissues by 19–37%.
- Taxon
- tea plantt0
- Treatment
- application of the particular plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains Erwinia sp. and Serratia sp.e0
- Second interactor
- Serratia sp.e0symbiont
- Outcome
- accumulation of these metalse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 19–37%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhance Tea Plant Tolerance”
e0“application of the particular plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains Erwinia sp. and Serratia sp. (named C15 and C20, respectively) significantly enhanced tea plant resilience in Zn (zinc)-, Pb (lead)-, and Zn + Pb-contaminated soils by the improving survival rates (over 60%) and chlorophyll content of tea plants, and by reducing the accumulation of these metals in tea plants’ tissues (by 19–37%)”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPRs elevated soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and hydrolysable nitrogen in tea plant soils.
- Taxon
- tea plantt0
- Treatment
- PGPRse1
- Outcome
- organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TH), hydrolysable nitrogen (HN)e1
- Direction
- elevatede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Enhance Tea Plant Tolerance”
e1“The PGPRs elevated key soil nutrients organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TH), hydrolysable nitrogen (HN), and available potassium (APO) and phosphorus (APH) contents.”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPRs elevated soil available potassium and phosphorus contents in tea plant soils.
- Taxon
- tea plantt0
- Treatment
- PGPRse1
- Outcome
- available potassium (APO) and phosphorus (APH) contentse1
- Direction
- elevatede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Enhance Tea Plant Tolerance”
e1“The PGPRs elevated key soil nutrients organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TH), hydrolysable nitrogen (HN), and available potassium (APO) and phosphorus (APH) contents.”
Claim · model-written summary
Both PGPR strains increased microbial alpha-diversity (Chao1 index, +28–42% in Zn/Pb soils) compared with non-PGPR controls.
Verbatim
t0“Enhance Tea Plant Tolerance”
e2“Compared to non-PGPR controls, both strains consistently increased microbial α-diversity (Chao1 index: +28–42% in Zn/Pb soils; Shannon index: +19–33%) across all contamination regimes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Both PGPR strains increased microbial alpha-diversity (Shannon index, +19–33%) compared with non-PGPR controls.
Verbatim
t0“Enhance Tea Plant Tolerance”
e2“Compared to non-PGPR controls, both strains consistently increased microbial α-diversity (Chao1 index: +28–42% in Zn/Pb soils; Shannon index: +19–33%) across all contamination regimes.”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR-treated rhizosphere communities formed distinct clusters.
Verbatim
t0“Enhance Tea Plant Tolerance”
e3“PCoA/UniFrac analyses confirmed distinct clustering of PGPR-treated communities, with strain-specific enrichment of metal-adapted taxa, including Pseudomonas (LDA = 6) and Bacillus (LDA = 4) under Zn stress; Rhodanobacter (LDA = 4) under Pb stress; and Lysobacter (LDA = 5) in Zn + Pb co-contamination.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas was enriched under Zn stress in PGPR-treated soils.
- Taxon
- tea plantt0
- Treatment
- Zn stresse3
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas
Pseudomonase3symbiont - Outcome
- Pseudomonase3
- Value
- LDA = 6e3
- Qualifier
- metal-adapted taxae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhance Tea Plant Tolerance”
e3“PCoA/UniFrac analyses confirmed distinct clustering of PGPR-treated communities, with strain-specific enrichment of metal-adapted taxa, including Pseudomonas (LDA = 6) and Bacillus (LDA = 4) under Zn stress; Rhodanobacter (LDA = 4) under Pb stress; and Lysobacter (LDA = 5) in Zn + Pb co-contamination.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus was enriched under Zn stress in PGPR-treated soils.
Verbatim
t0“Enhance Tea Plant Tolerance”
e3“PCoA/UniFrac analyses confirmed distinct clustering of PGPR-treated communities, with strain-specific enrichment of metal-adapted taxa, including Pseudomonas (LDA = 6) and Bacillus (LDA = 4) under Zn stress; Rhodanobacter (LDA = 4) under Pb stress; and Lysobacter (LDA = 5) in Zn + Pb co-contamination.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhodanobacter was enriched under Pb stress in PGPR-treated soils.
Verbatim
t0“Enhance Tea Plant Tolerance”
e3“PCoA/UniFrac analyses confirmed distinct clustering of PGPR-treated communities, with strain-specific enrichment of metal-adapted taxa, including Pseudomonas (LDA = 6) and Bacillus (LDA = 4) under Zn stress; Rhodanobacter (LDA = 4) under Pb stress; and Lysobacter (LDA = 5) in Zn + Pb co-contamination.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lysobacter was enriched under Zn + Pb co-contamination in PGPR-treated soils.
- Taxon
- tea plantt0
- Treatment
- Zn + Pb co-contaminatione3
- Interactor
- Lysobacter
Lysobactere3symbiont - Outcome
- Lysobactere3
- Value
- LDA = 5e3
- Qualifier
- metal-adapted taxae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhance Tea Plant Tolerance”
e3“PCoA/UniFrac analyses confirmed distinct clustering of PGPR-treated communities, with strain-specific enrichment of metal-adapted taxa, including Pseudomonas (LDA = 6) and Bacillus (LDA = 4) under Zn stress; Rhodanobacter (LDA = 4) under Pb stress; and Lysobacter (LDA = 5) in Zn + Pb co-contamination.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mortierella was elevated in Zn soils.
- Taxon
- tea plantt0
- Interactor
- Mortierella
Mortierellae4symbiont - Outcome
- Mortierellae4
- Direction
- elevatede4
- Value
- LDA = 6e4
- Setting
- Zn soilse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Enhance Tea Plant Tolerance”
e4“Fungal restructuring featured elevated Mortierella (LDA = 6) in Zn soils and stress-tolerant Ascomycota dominance in co-contaminated soils.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascomycota dominated co-contaminated soils.
- Taxon
- tea plantt0
- Interactor
- AscomycotaAscomycotae4symbiont
- Outcome
- Ascomycota dominancee4
- Setting
- co-contaminated soilse4
Verbatim
t0“Enhance Tea Plant Tolerance”
e4“Fungal restructuring featured elevated Mortierella (LDA = 6) in Zn soils and stress-tolerant Ascomycota dominance in co-contaminated soils.”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR-produced auxin was positively correlated with soil carbon dynamics.
Verbatim
t0“Enhance Tea Plant Tolerance”
e5“Multivariate correlations revealed that the PGPR-produced auxin was positively correlated with soil carbon dynamics and Mortierellomycota abundance (r = 0.729), while the chlorophyll content in leaves was closely associated with Cyanobacteria and reduced by Pb accumulation.”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR-produced auxin was positively correlated with Mortierellomycota abundance (r = 0.729).
Verbatim
t0“Enhance Tea Plant Tolerance”
e5“Multivariate correlations revealed that the PGPR-produced auxin was positively correlated with soil carbon dynamics and Mortierellomycota abundance (r = 0.729), while the chlorophyll content in leaves was closely associated with Cyanobacteria and reduced by Pb accumulation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll content in leaves was closely associated with Cyanobacteria.
- Taxon
- tea plantt0
- Interactor
- CyanobacteriaCyanobacteriotae5symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content in leavese5
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
t0“Enhance Tea Plant Tolerance”
e5“Multivariate correlations revealed that the PGPR-produced auxin was positively correlated with soil carbon dynamics and Mortierellomycota abundance (r = 0.729), while the chlorophyll content in leaves was closely associated with Cyanobacteria and reduced by Pb accumulation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb accumulation reduced chlorophyll content in leaves of tea plants.
Verbatim
t0“Enhance Tea Plant Tolerance”
e5“Multivariate correlations revealed that the PGPR-produced auxin was positively correlated with soil carbon dynamics and Mortierellomycota abundance (r = 0.729), while the chlorophyll content in leaves was closely associated with Cyanobacteria and reduced by Pb accumulation.”
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