Abstract
: Livestock productivity in Ethiopia is hampered by the limited quantity and quality of feed, largely due to lack of knowledge on the possibility of irrigating forage with good agronomic practices by the development agents, which are further exacerbated by climate variability and resource constraints. This study investigated the effects of irrigation levels, fertilizer types and rates, and forage varieties on nitrogen productivity and residual soil nitrogen (RSN) in Robit-Bata Kebele, Ethiopia. A 3×3×7 factorial design was used, including three irrigation levels (60, 80, and 100% of total available soil water), three fertilizer rates (organic manure at 30 t ha −1 and urea at 100 and 300 kg ha −1 ), and seven perennial forages (four grasses and three legumes). Over two years (2021–2022), data on dry matter yield (DMY), nitrogen uptake (NU), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), RSN, and nitrogen surplus (NS) were collected. Full irrigation (I100) yielded the highest DMY (8.7 t ha −1 ), NU (131.2 kg ha −1 ), and NUE (46 kg kg −1 ), and lowest NS (18.9 kg ha −1 ), although deficit irrigation (I80) resulted in similar (p>0.05) DMY, NU, NUE, and NS. Napier grass ILRI-16791 with 300 kg ha −1 urea achieved the highest DMY (20.7 tha −1 ) and NU (259.2 kg ha −1 ), while 100 kg ha −1 urea maximized NUE (138.8 kg kg −1 ) and minimized NS (-168.8 kg ha −1 ). Deficit irrigation (I80) combined with manure and Napier grass ILRI-16791 is recommended for optimal productivity and environmental sustainability. This study provides novel insights into site-specific, climate-responsive nutrient and water management strategies for public development agents to support smallholder forage production systems. Future studies should assess economic feasibility and integrated manure-urea applications to enhance soil health and NUE.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Full irrigation (I100) gave the highest dry matter yield of perennial forages.
- Taxon
- perennial foragese1
- Treatment
- Full irrigation (I100)e2
- Outcome
- DMYe2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 8.7 t ha −1e2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“seven perennial forages (four grasses and three legumes)”
e2“Full irrigation (I100) yielded the highest DMY (8.7 t ha −1 ), NU (131.2 kg ha −1 ), and NUE (46 kg kg −1 ), and lowest NS (18.9 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Full irrigation (I100) gave the highest nitrogen uptake of perennial forages.
- Taxon
- perennial foragese1
- Treatment
- Full irrigation (I100)e2
- Outcome
- NUe2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 131.2 kg ha −1e2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“seven perennial forages (four grasses and three legumes)”
e2“Full irrigation (I100) yielded the highest DMY (8.7 t ha −1 ), NU (131.2 kg ha −1 ), and NUE (46 kg kg −1 ), and lowest NS (18.9 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Full irrigation (I100) gave the highest nitrogen use efficiency of perennial forages.
- Taxon
- perennial foragese1
- Treatment
- Full irrigation (I100)e2
- Outcome
- NUEe2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 46 kg kg −1e2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“seven perennial forages (four grasses and three legumes)”
e2“Full irrigation (I100) yielded the highest DMY (8.7 t ha −1 ), NU (131.2 kg ha −1 ), and NUE (46 kg kg −1 ), and lowest NS (18.9 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Full irrigation (I100) gave the lowest residual nitrogen surplus of perennial forages.
- Taxon
- perennial foragese1
- Treatment
- Full irrigation (I100)e2
- Outcome
- NSe2
- Direction
- loweste2
- Value
- 18.9 kg ha −1e2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“seven perennial forages (four grasses and three legumes)”
e2“Full irrigation (I100) yielded the highest DMY (8.7 t ha −1 ), NU (131.2 kg ha −1 ), and NUE (46 kg kg −1 ), and lowest NS (18.9 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation (I80) gave dry matter yield, nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency similar to the other irrigation level.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“seven perennial forages (four grasses and three legumes)”
e3“although deficit irrigation (I80) resulted in similar (p>0.05) DMY, NU, NUE, and NS”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation (I80) gave a residual nitrogen surplus similar to the other irrigation level.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“seven perennial forages (four grasses and three legumes)”
e3“although deficit irrigation (I80) resulted in similar (p>0.05) DMY, NU, NUE, and NS”
Claim · model-written summary
Napier grass ILRI-16791 with 300 kg ha −1 urea gave the highest dry matter yield.
- Taxon
- Napier grass
.jpg?width=60)
Cenchrus purpureuse4 - Material
- ILRI-16791e4
- Treatment
- 300 kg ha −1 ureae4
- Outcome
- DMYe4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 20.7 tha −1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e4“Napier grass ILRI-16791 with 300 kg ha −1 urea achieved the highest DMY (20.7 tha −1 ) and NU (259.2 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Napier grass ILRI-16791 with 300 kg ha −1 urea gave the highest nitrogen uptake.
- Taxon
- Napier grassCenchrus purpureuse4
- Material
- ILRI-16791e4
- Treatment
- 300 kg ha −1 ureae4
- Outcome
- NUe4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 259.2 kg ha −1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Napier grass ILRI-16791 with 300 kg ha −1 urea achieved the highest DMY (20.7 tha −1 ) and NU (259.2 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
100 kg ha −1 urea maximized the nitrogen use efficiency of perennial forages.
- Taxon
- perennial foragese1
- Treatment
- 100 kg ha −1 ureae5
- Outcome
- NUEe5
- Direction
- maximizede5
- Value
- 138.8 kg kg −1e5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“seven perennial forages (four grasses and three legumes)”
e5“while 100 kg ha −1 urea maximized NUE (138.8 kg kg −1 ) and minimized NS (-168.8 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
100 kg ha −1 urea minimized the residual nitrogen surplus of perennial forages.
- Taxon
- perennial foragese1
- Treatment
- 100 kg ha −1 ureae5
- Outcome
- NSe5
- Direction
- minimizede5
- Value
- -168.8 kg ha −1e5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“seven perennial forages (four grasses and three legumes)”
e5“while 100 kg ha −1 urea maximized NUE (138.8 kg kg −1 ) and minimized NS (-168.8 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficit irrigation (I80) combined with manure and Napier grass ILRI-16791 is recommended for optimal productivity and environmental sustainability.
- Taxon
- Napier grass ILRI-16791Cenchrus purpureuse6
- Treatment
- Deficit irrigation (I80) combined with manuree6
- Outcome
- optimal productivity and environmental sustainabilitye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Deficit irrigation (I80) combined with manure and Napier grass ILRI-16791 is recommended for optimal productivity and environmental sustainability”
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See all 15 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.