Abstract
In response to the challenges posed by soil degradation in the arid regions of Xinjiang, China, green and organic management practices have emerged as effective alternatives to conventional agricultural management methods, helping to mitigate soil degradation by promoting natural soil recovery and ecological balance. However, most of the existing studies focus on a single management practice or indicator and lack a systematic assessment of the effects of integrated orchard management in arid zones. This study aims to investigate how different agricultural management practices influence soil physicochemical properties and inter-root microbial communities in apple orchards in Xinjiang and to identify the main physicochemical factors affecting the composition of inter-root microbial communities. Inter-root soil samples were collected from apple orchards under green management (GM), organic management (OM), and conventional management (CM) in major apple-producing regions of Xinjiang. Microbial diversity and community composition of the samples were analyzed using high-throughput amplicon sequencing. The results revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in soil physicochemical properties across different management practices. Specifically, GM significantly reduced soil pH and C:N compared with OM. Both OM and GM significantly decreased soil available nutrient content compared with CM. Moreover, GM and OM significantly increased bacterial diversity and changed the community composition of bacteria and fungi. Proteobacteria and Ascomycota were identified as the dominant bacteria and fungi, respectively, in all management practices. Linear discriminant analysis (LEfSe) showed that biomarkers were more abundant under OM, suggesting that OM may contribute to ecological functions through specific microbial taxa. Co-occurrence network analysis (building a network of microbial interactions) demonstrated that the topologies of bacteria and fungi varied across different management practices and that OM increased the complexity of microbial co-occurrence networks. Mantel test analysis (analyzing soil factors and microbial community correlations) showed that C:N and available potassium (AK) were significantly and positively correlated with the community composition of bacteria and fungi, and that C:N, soil organic carbon (SOC), and alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN) were significantly and positively correlated with the diversity of fungi. Redundancy analysis (RDA) further indicated that SOC, C:N, and AK were the primary soil physicochemical factors influencing the composition of microbial communities. This study provides theoretical guidance for the sustainable management of orchards in arid zones.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Green management significantly reduced soil pH and C:N compared with organic management.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Orchards in Xinjiang”
e1“GM significantly reduced soil pH and C:N compared with OM”
Claim · model-written summary
Green management significantly decreased soil available nutrient content compared with conventional management.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- GMe2
- Outcome
- soil available nutrient contente2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Comparator
- CMe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Orchards in Xinjiang”
e2“Both OM and GM significantly decreased soil available nutrient content compared with CM”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic management significantly decreased soil available nutrient content compared with conventional management.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- OMe2
- Outcome
- soil available nutrient contente2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Comparator
- CMe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Orchards in Xinjiang”
e2“Both OM and GM significantly decreased soil available nutrient content compared with CM”
Claim · model-written summary
Green management significantly increased bacterial diversity.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- GMe3
- Outcome
- bacterial diversitye3
- Direction
- increasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Orchards in Xinjiang”
e3“GM and OM significantly increased bacterial diversity and changed the community composition of bacteria and fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic management significantly increased bacterial diversity.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- OMe3
- Outcome
- bacterial diversitye3
- Direction
- increasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Orchards in Xinjiang”
e3“GM and OM significantly increased bacterial diversity and changed the community composition of bacteria and fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Green management changed the community composition of bacteria and fungi.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- GMe3
- Outcome
- community composition of bacteria and fungie3
- Direction
- changede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Orchards in Xinjiang”
e3“GM and OM significantly increased bacterial diversity and changed the community composition of bacteria and fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic management changed the community composition of bacteria and fungi.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- OMe3
- Outcome
- community composition of bacteria and fungie3
- Direction
- changede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Orchards in Xinjiang”
e3“GM and OM significantly increased bacterial diversity and changed the community composition of bacteria and fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Proteobacteria and Ascomycota were the dominant bacteria and fungi in all management practices.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- dominant bacteria and fungie4
- Qualifier
- Proteobacteria and Ascomycotae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Orchards in Xinjiang”
e4“Proteobacteria and Ascomycota were identified as the dominant bacteria and fungi, respectively, in all management practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Biomarkers were more abundant under organic management.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- OMe5
- Outcome
- biomarkerse5
- Direction
- more abundante5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Orchards in Xinjiang”
e5“biomarkers were more abundant under OM, suggesting that OM may contribute to ecological functions through specific microbial taxa”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic management increased the complexity of microbial co-occurrence networks.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- OMe6
- Outcome
- complexity of microbial co-occurrence networkse6
- Direction
- increasede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Orchards in Xinjiang”
e6“OM increased the complexity of microbial co-occurrence networks”
Claim · model-written summary
Topologies of bacterial and fungal networks varied across management practices.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- topologies of bacteria and fungie7
- Direction
- variede7
- Qualifier
- across different management practicese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Orchards in Xinjiang”
e7“the topologies of bacteria and fungi varied across different management practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Available potassium was positively correlated with the community composition of bacteria and fungi.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Compound
- available potassium (AK)e1
- Outcome
- community composition of bacteria and fungie1
- Direction
- positively correlatede1
- Qualifier
- C:Ne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Orchards in Xinjiang”
e1“C:N and available potassium (AK) were significantly and positively correlated with the community composition of bacteria and fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon was positively correlated with fungal diversity.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Compound
- soil organic carbon (SOC)e1
- Outcome
- diversity of fungie1
- Direction
- positively correlatede1
- Qualifier
- alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Orchards in Xinjiang”
e1“C:N, soil organic carbon (SOC), and alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN) were significantly and positively correlated with the diversity of fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
C:N was positively correlated with fungal diversity.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Compound
- C:Ne1
- Outcome
- diversity of fungie1
- Direction
- positively correlatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Orchards in Xinjiang”
e1“C:N, soil organic carbon (SOC), and alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN) were significantly and positively correlated with the diversity of fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
SOC was the primary soil physicochemical factor influencing microbial community composition in redundancy analysis.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Compound
- SOCe1
- Outcome
- composition of microbial communitiese1
- Direction
- influencinge1
- Qualifier
- primary soil physicochemical factorse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Orchards in Xinjiang”
e1“SOC, C:N, and AK were the primary soil physicochemical factors influencing the composition of microbial communities”
The same questions in other papers
cultivation system · nutrient: content · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.