Abstract
ABSTRACT Adjusting the sowing date is a crucial strategy for improving rice adaptability to climate change and improving grain yield. Among the quality traits of fragrant rice, the content of 2‐Acetyl‐1‐Pyrroline (2‐AP) in brown rice has garnered significant attention due to its impact on flavor and market value. The comprehensive effects of weather changes induced by adjusting the sowing date on the synthesis and accumulation of 2‐AP in fragrant rice, as well as on yield, remain unclear. We conducted a 5‐year field study in Hubei Province, China, measuring sunshine duration, temperature, and rainfall variations under six sowing dates. The research aimed to assess the comprehensive effects of these changes on the 2‐AP content in brown rice and fragrant rice yield. Delaying the sowing date resulted in shortening the rice growth duration from transplanting to heading. Early sowing (March 16) resulted in the highest rice yield, while late sowing (June 1) led to the highest 2‐AP content. Generally, with delayed sowing, the effective panicles and 1000‐grain weight increased, while the number of spikelets per panicle and grain filling rate decreased. The contents of proline, pyrroline‐5‐carboxylic acid, and γ‐aminobutyric acid exhibited a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing with delayed sowing. The 2‐AP content was significantly positively correlated with rainfall during the grain filling to maturity stage, while it showed significant negative correlations with sunshine duration, average air temperature, and the number of high temperature days (maximum air temperature ≥ 35°C) during the same stage. Since the sowing date for the highest yield differed from that for the highest 2‐AP content, we recommend early sowing to achieve optimal yield while implementing other strategies to mitigate the negative effects of prolonged sunshine duration and high temperatures during the grain filling to maturity stage on 2‐AP content. This study reveals the relationship between 2‐AP content and the yield of fragrant rice with weather factors during different growth stages, providing new insights for adjusting sowing dates to adapt to climate change in order to achieve either high yield or high 2‐AP content.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Delayed sowing shortened transplanting-to-heading duration.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Delaying the sowing datee0
- Outcome
- rice growth duration from transplanting to headinge0
- Direction
- shorteninge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Delaying the sowing date resulted in shortening the rice growth duration from transplanting to heading”
t0“Fragrant Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
March 16 sowing gave the highest rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Early sowing (March 16)e0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early sowing (March 16) resulted in the highest rice yield”
t0“Fragrant Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
June 1 sowing gave the highest 2-AP content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- late sowing (June 1)e0
- Outcome
- 2‐AP contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“late sowing (June 1) led to the highest 2‐AP content”
t0“Fragrant Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Effective panicles and thousand-grain weight increased with delayed sowing.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- delayed sowinge0
- Outcome
- effective panicles and 1000‐grain weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with delayed sowing, the effective panicles and 1000‐grain weight increased”
t0“Fragrant Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spikelets per panicle and grain filling rate decreased with delayed sowing.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- number of spikelets per panicle and grain filling ratee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of spikelets per panicle and grain filling rate decreased”
t0“Fragrant Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline, pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid content first increased then decreased with delayed sowing.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- delayed sowinge0
- Outcome
- contents of proline, pyrroline‐5‐carboxylic acid, and γ‐aminobutyric acide0
- Direction
- initially increasing and then decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The contents of proline, pyrroline‐5‐carboxylic acid, and γ‐aminobutyric acid exhibited a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing with delayed sowing”
t0“Fragrant Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
2-AP content correlated positively with rainfall during grain filling to maturity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- grain filling to maturity stagee0
- Outcome
- 2‐AP contente0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- rainfall during the grain filling to maturity stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 2‐AP content was significantly positively correlated with rainfall during the grain filling to maturity stage”
t0“Fragrant Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
2-AP content correlated negatively with sunshine duration, temperature and hot days during grain filling to maturity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- same stagee0
- Outcome
- negative correlationse0
- Direction
- negative correlationse0
- Qualifier
- sunshine duration, average air temperature, and the number of high temperature days (maximum air temperature ≥ 35°C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it showed significant negative correlations with sunshine duration, average air temperature, and the number of high temperature days (maximum air temperature ≥ 35°C) during the same stage”
t0“Fragrant Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend early sowing for yield while mitigating sunshine and heat effects on 2-AP.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- early sowing to achieve optimal yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we recommend early sowing to achieve optimal yield while implementing other strategies to mitigate the negative effects of prolonged sunshine duration and high temperatures during the grain filling to maturity stage on 2‐AP content”
t0“Fragrant Rice”
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See all 193 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.