Abstract
Infection of the marine subtropical seagrass Thalassia testudinum Banks ex König by pathogenic Labyrinthula sp. was found to induce lesion progression, alterations to the host's oxidative metabolism, and production of defense metabolites over the early stages of infection (monitored over a 72-hr time course). By 48-hr post-infection, host oxygen consumption, internal reactive oxygen concentrations, and caspase-3 proteolytic activity reached their highest levels. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) were detected in T. testudinum lesions by use of redox-sensitive probes/substrates and fluorescent imaging. To our knowledge, this work represents the first time NO has been detected in a marine angiosperm within the context of plant-pathogen interactions. Hydrogen peroxide production and lesion expansion were highly regulated in the presence of diphenyleneiodonium, catalase, and c-PTIO, suggesting crosstalk between ROS and NO activity. Using a nontargeted metabolomics approach, succinic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, and methyl p-coumarate concentrations were found to significantly increase following Labyrinthula infection. The generation of characteristic seagrass wasting disease lesions likely results from cell death via the host's hypersensitive response (HR) as well as direct degradation of tissue by the pathogen. These results highlight the existence of a co-evolutionary arms race between seagrasses and Labyrinthula that shape the ecology and evolution of seagrass wasting disease.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Labyrinthula infection induced lesion progression in turtlegrass.
- Taxon
- Thalassia testudinum Banks ex König
_(South_Pigeon_Creek_estuary%2C_San_Salvador_Island%2C_Bahamas)_3_(15859724719).jpg?width=60)
Thalassia testudinume0 - Treatment
- Infectione0
- Interactor
- Labyrinthula sp.Labyrinthulae0pathogent0
- Outcome
- lesion progressione0
- Direction
- inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(South_Pigeon_Creek_estuary%2C_San_Salvador_Island%2C_Bahamas)_3_(15859724719).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Infection of the marine subtropical seagrass Thalassia testudinum Banks ex König by pathogenic Labyrinthula sp. was found to induce lesion progression”
t0“pathogenic Labyrinthula sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection altered host oxidative metabolism and induced defense metabolites.
- Taxon
- Thalassia testudinumThalassia testudinumt0
- Treatment
- infectione0
- Interactor
- Labyrinthula sp.Labyrinthulat0pathogen
- Outcome
- host's oxidative metabolism, and production of defense metabolitese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alterations to the host's oxidative metabolism, and production of defense metabolites over the early stages of infection”
t0“Thalassia testudinum) undergoes a coordinated hypersensitive response when challenged with pathogenic Labyrinthula sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Host oxygen consumption peaked 48 hours after infection.
- Taxon
- Thalassia testudinumThalassia testudinumt0
- Interactor
- Labyrinthula sp.Labyrinthulat0pathogen
- Outcome
- host oxygen consumptione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- 48-hr post-infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By 48-hr post-infection, host oxygen consumption, internal reactive oxygen concentrations, and caspase-3 proteolytic activity reached their highest levels”
t0“Thalassia testudinum) undergoes a coordinated hypersensitive response when challenged with pathogenic Labyrinthula sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Internal reactive oxygen concentrations peaked 48 hours after infection.
- Taxon
- Thalassia testudinumThalassia testudinumt0
- Interactor
- Labyrinthula sp.Labyrinthulat0pathogen
- Outcome
- internal reactive oxygen concentrationse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- 48-hr post-infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By 48-hr post-infection, host oxygen consumption, internal reactive oxygen concentrations, and caspase-3 proteolytic activity reached their highest levels”
t0“Thalassia testudinum) undergoes a coordinated hypersensitive response when challenged with pathogenic Labyrinthula sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Caspase-3 activity peaked 48 hours after infection.
- Taxon
- Thalassia testudinumThalassia testudinumt0
- Interactor
- Labyrinthula sp.Labyrinthulat0pathogen
- Gene
- caspase-3e0
- Outcome
- caspase-3 proteolytic activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- 48-hr post-infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By 48-hr post-infection, host oxygen consumption, internal reactive oxygen concentrations, and caspase-3 proteolytic activity reached their highest levels”
t0“Thalassia testudinum) undergoes a coordinated hypersensitive response when challenged with pathogenic Labyrinthula sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Reactive oxygen species were detected in turtlegrass lesions.
- Taxon
- T. testudinumThalassia testudinume0
- Organ / stage
- lesionse0
- Interactor
- Labyrinthula sp.Labyrinthulat0pathogen
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) were detected in T. testudinum lesions”
t0“pathogenic Labyrinthula sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitric oxide was detected in turtlegrass lesions.
- Taxon
- T. testudinumThalassia testudinume0
- Organ / stage
- lesionse0
- Interactor
- Labyrinthula sp.Labyrinthulat0pathogen
- Outcome
- nitric oxide (NO)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) were detected in T. testudinum lesions”
t0“pathogenic Labyrinthula sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Diphenyleneiodonium regulated hydrogen peroxide production and lesion expansion.
- Taxon
- Thalassia testudinumThalassia testudinumt0
- Treatment
- diphenyleneiodoniume0
- Interactor
- Labyrinthula sp.Labyrinthulat0pathogen
- Outcome
- Hydrogen peroxide production and lesion expansione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hydrogen peroxide production and lesion expansion were highly regulated in the presence of diphenyleneiodonium, catalase, and c-PTIO”
t0“Thalassia testudinum) undergoes a coordinated hypersensitive response when challenged with pathogenic Labyrinthula sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase regulated hydrogen peroxide production and lesion expansion.
- Taxon
- Thalassia testudinumThalassia testudinumt0
- Treatment
- catalasee0
- Interactor
- Labyrinthula sp.Labyrinthulat0pathogen
- Outcome
- Hydrogen peroxide production and lesion expansione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hydrogen peroxide production and lesion expansion were highly regulated in the presence of diphenyleneiodonium, catalase, and c-PTIO”
t0“Thalassia testudinum) undergoes a coordinated hypersensitive response when challenged with pathogenic Labyrinthula sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
c-PTIO regulated hydrogen peroxide production and lesion expansion.
- Taxon
- Thalassia testudinumThalassia testudinumt0
- Treatment
- c-PTIOe0
- Interactor
- Labyrinthula sp.Labyrinthulat0pathogen
- Outcome
- Hydrogen peroxide production and lesion expansione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hydrogen peroxide production and lesion expansion were highly regulated in the presence of diphenyleneiodonium, catalase, and c-PTIO”
t0“Thalassia testudinum) undergoes a coordinated hypersensitive response when challenged with pathogenic Labyrinthula sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Succinic acid concentration increased after infection.
- Taxon
- Turtlegrasst0
- Treatment
- Labyrinthula infectione0
- Interactor
- LabyrinthulaLabyrinthulae0pathogent0
- Outcome
- succinic acide0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“succinic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, and methyl p-coumarate concentrations were found to significantly increase following Labyrinthula infection”
t0“Turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum) undergoes a coordinated hypersensitive response when challenged with pathogenic Labyrinthula sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
3-phenylpropionic acid concentration increased after infection.
- Taxon
- Turtlegrasst0
- Treatment
- Labyrinthula infectione0
- Interactor
- LabyrinthulaLabyrinthulae0pathogent0
- Outcome
- 3-phenylpropionic acide0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“succinic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, and methyl p-coumarate concentrations were found to significantly increase following Labyrinthula infection”
t0“Turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum) undergoes a coordinated hypersensitive response when challenged with pathogenic Labyrinthula sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Methyl p-coumarate concentration increased after infection.
- Taxon
- Turtlegrasst0
- Treatment
- Labyrinthula infectione0
- Interactor
- LabyrinthulaLabyrinthulae0pathogent0
- Outcome
- methyl p-coumaratee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“succinic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, and methyl p-coumarate concentrations were found to significantly increase following Labyrinthula infection”
t0“Turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum) undergoes a coordinated hypersensitive response when challenged with pathogenic Labyrinthula sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute lesions to host hypersensitive cell death and direct pathogen tissue degradation.
- Taxon
- Thalassia testudinumThalassia testudinumt0
- Interactor
- Labyrinthula sp.Labyrinthulat0pathogen
- Outcome
- seagrass wasting disease lesionse0
- Qualifier
- cell death via the host's hypersensitive response (HR) as well as direct degradation of tissue by the pathogene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The generation of characteristic seagrass wasting disease lesions likely results from cell death via the host's hypersensitive response (HR) as well as direct degradation of tissue by the pathogen”
t0“Thalassia testudinum) undergoes a coordinated hypersensitive response when challenged with pathogenic Labyrinthula sp.”