Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) contamination severely threatens agricultural productivity and food safety. This study examines the ability of biogenic silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) as nanotherapeutics to mitigate Cd stress in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) by enhancing physiological and biochemical responses. A controlled greenhouse experiment demonstrated that SiNPs (250 mg kg −1 ) significantly improved plant growth under Cd stress. The application of SiNPs increased plant height, fresh and dry weight by 22.98 %, 25.18 %, and 30.01 %, respectively, as compared to the control. Photosynthetic efficiency was also improved, as evidenced by increase in chlorophyll a and b content (17.02 % and 56.86 %, respectively). SiNPs strengthened the plant defense system by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (23.18 %), peroxidase (41.98 %), and ascorbate peroxidase (11.29 %), while simultaneously reducing reactive oxygen species accumulation. SiNPs also enhanced the absorption of various essential nutrients and reduced Cd accumulation (by 61.04 %) in rice leaves compared to Cd-stressed plants without SiNPs treatment. Gene expression analysis showed that SiNPs upregulated genes associated with silicon transport, antioxidant activity, and phyto-chelation, further validating the Cd detoxification in rice plants. Moreover, soil enzyme activities and nutrient cycling improved upon SiNPs exposure. Leaf ultrastructure analysis revealed that SiNPs preserved normal cellular morphology and minimized Cd-induced damage. These findings highlight biogenic SiNPs (as nanotherapeutics) are effective and environmentally friendly solution for reducing Cd toxicity in rice. • SiNPs as nanotherapeutics improved rice growth under cadmium stress. • SiNPs enhanced chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency. • Antioxidant enzyme activities increased with SiNPs treatment. • SiNPs reduced cadmium accumulation in rice by modulating stress-responsive genes. • Soil enzyme activities and nutrient cycling improved by SiNPs.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
SiNPs increased rice height by 22.98% relative to control.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- SiNPse0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 22.98 %e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of SiNPs increased plant height, fresh and dry weight by 22.98 %, 25.18 %, and 30.01 %, respectively, as compared to the control.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNPs increased rice fresh weight by 25.18% relative to control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SiNPse0
- Outcome
- freshe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 25.18 %e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of SiNPs increased plant height, fresh and dry weight by 22.98 %, 25.18 %, and 30.01 %, respectively, as compared to the control.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNPs increased rice dry weight by 30.01% relative to control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SiNPse0
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30.01 %e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of SiNPs increased plant height, fresh and dry weight by 22.98 %, 25.18 %, and 30.01 %, respectively, as compared to the control.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNPs improved photosynthetic efficiency in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SiNPse1
- Outcome
- Photosynthetic efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthetic efficiency was also improved, as evidenced by increase in chlorophyll a and b content (17.02 % and 56.86 %, respectively).”
t0“rice”
e1“The application of SiNPs increased plant height, fresh and dry weight by 22.98 %, 25.18 %, and 30.01 %, respectively, as compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNPs increased rice chlorophyll a content by 17.02%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthetic efficiency was also improved, as evidenced by increase in chlorophyll a and b content (17.02 % and 56.86 %, respectively).”
t0“rice”
e1“The application of SiNPs increased plant height, fresh and dry weight by 22.98 %, 25.18 %, and 30.01 %, respectively, as compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNPs increased rice chlorophyll b content by 56.86%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Photosynthetic efficiency was also improved, as evidenced by increase in chlorophyll a and b content (17.02 % and 56.86 %, respectively).”
t0“rice”
e1“The application of SiNPs increased plant height, fresh and dry weight by 22.98 %, 25.18 %, and 30.01 %, respectively, as compared to the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNPs increased rice superoxide dismutase activity by 23.18%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SiNPse0
- Gene
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- 23.18 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SiNPs strengthened the plant defense system by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (23.18 %), peroxidase (41.98 %), and ascorbate peroxidase (11.29 %), while simultaneously reducing reactive oxygen species accumulation.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNPs increased rice peroxidase activity by 41.98%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SiNPse0
- Gene
- peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- peroxidasee0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- 41.98 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SiNPs strengthened the plant defense system by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (23.18 %), peroxidase (41.98 %), and ascorbate peroxidase (11.29 %), while simultaneously reducing reactive oxygen species accumulation.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNPs increased rice ascorbate peroxidase activity by 11.29%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SiNPse0
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- 11.29 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SiNPs strengthened the plant defense system by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (23.18 %), peroxidase (41.98 %), and ascorbate peroxidase (11.29 %), while simultaneously reducing reactive oxygen species accumulation.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNPs reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SiNPse0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SiNPs strengthened the plant defense system by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (23.18 %), peroxidase (41.98 %), and ascorbate peroxidase (11.29 %), while simultaneously reducing reactive oxygen species accumulation.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNPs enhanced absorption of essential nutrients in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SiNPse0
- Outcome
- absorption of various essential nutrientse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- Cd-stressed plants without SiNPs treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SiNPs also enhanced the absorption of various essential nutrients and reduced Cd accumulation (by 61.04 %) in rice leaves compared to Cd-stressed plants without SiNPs treatment.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNPs reduced cadmium accumulation in rice leaves by 61.04% versus untreated Cd-stressed plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rice leavese0
- Treatment
- SiNPse0
- Outcome
- Cd accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 61.04 %e0
- Comparator
- Cd-stressed plants without SiNPs treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SiNPs also enhanced the absorption of various essential nutrients and reduced Cd accumulation (by 61.04 %) in rice leaves compared to Cd-stressed plants without SiNPs treatment.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNPs upregulated rice genes associated with silicon transport, antioxidant activity and phyto-chelation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SiNPse0
- Outcome
- genes associated with silicon transport, antioxidant activity, and phyto-chelatione0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gene expression analysis showed that SiNPs upregulated genes associated with silicon transport, antioxidant activity, and phyto-chelation, further validating the Cd detoxification in rice plants.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNP exposure improved soil enzyme activities and nutrient cycling.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SiNPse0
- Outcome
- soil enzyme activities and nutrient cyclinge0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, soil enzyme activities and nutrient cycling improved upon SiNPs exposure.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNPs preserved normal rice leaf cell morphology.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- Leafe0
- Treatment
- SiNPse0
- Outcome
- normal cellular morphologye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf ultrastructure analysis revealed that SiNPs preserved normal cellular morphology and minimized Cd-induced damage.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNPs minimized Cd-induced damage to rice leaf ultrastructure.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- Leafe0
- Treatment
- SiNPse0
- Outcome
- Cd-induced damagee0
- Direction
- minimizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf ultrastructure analysis revealed that SiNPs preserved normal cellular morphology and minimized Cd-induced damage.”
t0“rice”
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