Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) contamination severely hampers rice ( Oryza sativa L.) growth by disrupting root development, nutrient uptake, and exudation processes, posing a major risk to food security. This study investigated the role of silicon nanoparticle (SiNP) on root architecture and root exudation dynamics in rice grown hydroponically under two levels of Cd (10 and 20 μM). Cadmium markedly impaired root development, as evidenced by significant reductions in root length (8.94% and 17.93%), surface area (15% and 31.42%), diameter (15.78% and 28.94%), volume (8.15% and 25.54%), biomass (31.19% and 40.36%), and water uptake efficiency (11.94% and 28.05%), while increasing root branching. Co-application of SiNP mitigated these effects, enhancing root biomass (28.00% and 32.30%) and restoring water uptake (14.31% and 11.91%) relative to Cd-only treatments. Cadmium stress inhibited antioxidant enzymes (APX, CAT, SOD, POD) and increased oxidative damage (MDA, electrolyte leakage). SiNP co-application substantially mitigated Cd-induced oxidative stress in rice roots by restoring APX 17.8 and 39.4%, CAT 37.0 and 70%, SOD by 7.25 and 15.61% and POD by 14.59 and 38.00%, respectively, with both levels of Cd stress, while reduced MDA and electrolyte leakage by 27.7% and 29.6%, respectively, with the highest levels of Cd stress. Cadmium stress also significantly altered the profile of root exudates, decreasing oxalic acid (Cd 10 : 22.03%; Cd 20 : 32.60%) and citric acid (Cd 10 : 38.23%; Cd 20 : 49.67%) while increasing malic acid production (Cd 10 : 11.48%; Cd 20 : 17.84%). SiNP supplementation reversed these shifts by elevating oxalic (Cd 20 : 17.43%) and citric (Cd 20 : 24.29%) acids, suppressing malic acid release (Cd 10 : 21.39%; Cd 20 : 26.83%), and overall enhancing total organic acid secretion, thereby contributing to rhizosphere acidification. Over time, SiNP significantly lowered Cd bioavailability in the nutrient solution, likely via Si–Cd complexation and organic acid-mediated chelation. At the cellular scale, SiNP supplementation reduced Cd accumulation in both the cell wall and symplast, indicating restricted Cd uptake and transport. Moreover, although Cd stress substantially increased total organic carbon (TOC) (Cd 10 : 32.28% and Cd 20 : 58.13%) and total nitrogen (TN) (Cd 10 : 4.25% and Cd 20 : 27.71%) in rhizosphere exudates, SiNP co-treatment moderated these elevations and concurrently preserved cellular ultrastructure. Therefore, SiNP mitigated Cd toxicity by improving root architecture, modulating exudation, and reducing Cd bioavailability and uptake. These findings demonstrate the potential of SiNPs as a sustainable nanotechnology-based strategy for reducing Cd accumulation in rice and safeguarding food quality. • SiNP restored root growth traits and water uptake efficiency under Cd stress. • SiNP modulated organic acid secretion, enhancing rhizosphere acidification and Cd immobilization. • Cd accumulation in root cellular compartments was markedly reduced with SiNP treatment. • Protective effects of SiNP on root ultrastructure were confirmed via TEM analysis.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced rice root length by 8.94% and 17.93% at the two doses.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Cadmiume0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 8.94% and 17.93%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium markedly impaired root development, as evidenced by significant reductions in root length (8.94% and 17.93%), surface area (15% and 31.42%), diameter (15.78% and 28.94%), volume (8.15% and 25.54%), biomass (31.19% and 40.36%), and water uptake efficiency (11.94% and 28.05%), while increasing root branching.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced rice root surface area by 15% and 31.42%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cadmiume0
- Outcome
- surface areae0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 15% and 31.42%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium markedly impaired root development, as evidenced by significant reductions in root length (8.94% and 17.93%), surface area (15% and 31.42%), diameter (15.78% and 28.94%), volume (8.15% and 25.54%), biomass (31.19% and 40.36%), and water uptake efficiency (11.94% and 28.05%), while increasing root branching.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced root diameter by 15.78% and 28.94%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cadmiume0
- Outcome
- diametere0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 15.78% and 28.94%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium markedly impaired root development, as evidenced by significant reductions in root length (8.94% and 17.93%), surface area (15% and 31.42%), diameter (15.78% and 28.94%), volume (8.15% and 25.54%), biomass (31.19% and 40.36%), and water uptake efficiency (11.94% and 28.05%), while increasing root branching.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced root volume by 8.15% and 25.54%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cadmiume0
- Outcome
- volumee0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 8.15% and 25.54%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium markedly impaired root development, as evidenced by significant reductions in root length (8.94% and 17.93%), surface area (15% and 31.42%), diameter (15.78% and 28.94%), volume (8.15% and 25.54%), biomass (31.19% and 40.36%), and water uptake efficiency (11.94% and 28.05%), while increasing root branching.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced root biomass by 31.19% and 40.36%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cadmiume0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 31.19% and 40.36%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium markedly impaired root development, as evidenced by significant reductions in root length (8.94% and 17.93%), surface area (15% and 31.42%), diameter (15.78% and 28.94%), volume (8.15% and 25.54%), biomass (31.19% and 40.36%), and water uptake efficiency (11.94% and 28.05%), while increasing root branching.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced water uptake efficiency by 11.94% and 28.05%, while increasing root branching.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cadmiume0
- Outcome
- water uptake efficiencye0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 11.94% and 28.05%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium markedly impaired root development, as evidenced by significant reductions in root length (8.94% and 17.93%), surface area (15% and 31.42%), diameter (15.78% and 28.94%), volume (8.15% and 25.54%), biomass (31.19% and 40.36%), and water uptake efficiency (11.94% and 28.05%), while increasing root branching.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNP increased root biomass by 28.00% and 32.30% over Cd-only treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Co-application of SiNPe0
- Outcome
- root biomasse0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Value
- 28.00% and 32.30%e0
- Comparator
- Cd-only treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-application of SiNP mitigated these effects, enhancing root biomass (28.00% and 32.30%) and restoring water uptake (14.31% and 11.91%) relative to Cd-only treatments.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNP restored water uptake by 14.31% and 11.91% over Cd-only treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Co-application of SiNPe0
- Outcome
- water uptakee0
- Direction
- restoringe0
- Value
- 14.31% and 11.91%e0
- Comparator
- Cd-only treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-application of SiNP mitigated these effects, enhancing root biomass (28.00% and 32.30%) and restoring water uptake (14.31% and 11.91%) relative to Cd-only treatments.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium inhibited APX, CAT, SOD and POD activities and increased MDA and electrolyte leakage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymes (APX, CAT, SOD, POD)e0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium stress inhibited antioxidant enzymes (APX, CAT, SOD, POD) and increased oxidative damage (MDA, electrolyte leakage).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNP restored APX activity by 17.8% and 39.4% under the two Cd levels.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SiNP co-applicatione0
- Outcome
- APXe0
- Direction
- restoringe0
- Value
- 17.8 and 39.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SiNP co-application substantially mitigated Cd-induced oxidative stress in rice roots by restoring APX 17.8 and 39.4%, CAT 37.0 and 70%, SOD by 7.25 and 15.61% and POD by 14.59 and 38.00%, respectively, with both levels of Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNP restored CAT activity by 37.0% and 70%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SiNP co-applicatione0
- Outcome
- CATe0
- Direction
- restoringe0
- Value
- 37.0 and 70%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SiNP co-application substantially mitigated Cd-induced oxidative stress in rice roots by restoring APX 17.8 and 39.4%, CAT 37.0 and 70%, SOD by 7.25 and 15.61% and POD by 14.59 and 38.00%, respectively, with both levels of Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNP restored SOD activity by 7.25% and 15.61%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SiNP co-applicatione0
- Outcome
- SODe0
- Direction
- restoringe0
- Value
- 7.25 and 15.61%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SiNP co-application substantially mitigated Cd-induced oxidative stress in rice roots by restoring APX 17.8 and 39.4%, CAT 37.0 and 70%, SOD by 7.25 and 15.61% and POD by 14.59 and 38.00%, respectively, with both levels of Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNP restored POD activity by 14.59% and 38.00%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SiNP co-applicatione0
- Outcome
- PODe0
- Direction
- restoringe0
- Value
- 14.59 and 38.00%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SiNP co-application substantially mitigated Cd-induced oxidative stress in rice roots by restoring APX 17.8 and 39.4%, CAT 37.0 and 70%, SOD by 7.25 and 15.61% and POD by 14.59 and 38.00%, respectively, with both levels of Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNP reduced MDA and electrolyte leakage under the highest Cd stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SiNPe1
- Outcome
- MDA and electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 27.7% and 29.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while reduced MDA and electrolyte leakage by 27.7% and 29.6%, respectively, with the highest levels of Cd stress.”
t0“rice”
e1“SiNP co-application”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced oxalic acid exudation by 22.03% and 32.60%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- oxalic acide0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- Cd 10 : 22.03%; Cd 20 : 32.60%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium stress also significantly altered the profile of root exudates, decreasing oxalic acid (Cd 10 : 22.03%; Cd 20 : 32.60%) and citric acid (Cd 10 : 38.23%; Cd 20 : 49.67%) while increasing malic acid production (Cd 10 : 11.48%; Cd 20 : 17.84%).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced citric acid exudation by 38.23% and 49.67%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- citric acide0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Value
- Cd 10 : 38.23%; Cd 20 : 49.67%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium stress also significantly altered the profile of root exudates, decreasing oxalic acid (Cd 10 : 22.03%; Cd 20 : 32.60%) and citric acid (Cd 10 : 38.23%; Cd 20 : 49.67%) while increasing malic acid production (Cd 10 : 11.48%; Cd 20 : 17.84%).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium increased malic acid production by 11.48% and 17.84%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cadmium stresse0
- Outcome
- malic acid productione0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- Cd 10 : 11.48%; Cd 20 : 17.84%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cadmium stress also significantly altered the profile of root exudates, decreasing oxalic acid (Cd 10 : 22.03%; Cd 20 : 32.60%) and citric acid (Cd 10 : 38.23%; Cd 20 : 49.67%) while increasing malic acid production (Cd 10 : 11.48%; Cd 20 : 17.84%).”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNP elevated oxalic and citric acid release and suppressed malic acid release.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SiNP supplementatione0
- Outcome
- oxalice0
- Direction
- elevatinge0
- Value
- Cd 20 : 17.43%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SiNP supplementation reversed these shifts by elevating oxalic (Cd 20 : 17.43%) and citric (Cd 20 : 24.29%) acids, suppressing malic acid release (Cd 10 : 21.39%; Cd 20 : 26.83%), and overall enhancing total organic acid secretion, thereby contributing to rhizosphere acidification.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SiNP lowered Cd bioavailability and accumulation in root compartments and preserved cell structure.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SiNPe0
- Outcome
- Cd bioavailabilitye0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Qualifier
- likely via Si–Cd complexation and organic acid-mediated chelatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Over time, SiNP significantly lowered Cd bioavailability in the nutrient solution, likely via Si–Cd complexation and organic acid-mediated chelation. At the cellular scale, SiNP supplementation reduced Cd accumulation in both the cell wall and symplast, indicating restricted Cd uptake and transport.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium increased total organic carbon and nitrogen in rhizosphere exudates, while SiNP moderated these elevations.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- total organic carbon (TOC)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- Cd 10 : 32.28% and Cd 20 : 58.13%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“although Cd stress substantially increased total organic carbon (TOC) (Cd 10 : 32.28% and Cd 20 : 58.13%) and total nitrogen (TN) (Cd 10 : 4.25% and Cd 20 : 27.71%) in rhizosphere exudates, SiNP co-treatment moderated these elevations and concurrently preserved cellular ultrastructure.”
t0“rice”
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See all 20 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.