Abstract
Introduction The regeneration of roots is crucial for the survival and healthy development of double-root-cutting (DRC) grafted watermelon seedlings. However, methods to effectively enhance root regeneration in the rootstock of DRC grafted watermelons remain unclear. Methods In this study, supplementary far-red (FR) light was applied to DRC grafted watermelon seedlings to evaluate its impact on seedling growth and rooting, using dark (CK) as the control. Results and discussions It was discovered that supplementary FR light substantially promoted root development in the rootstock, reducing the time required for root regeneration and boosting root biomass. Transcriptome profiling indicated that genes associated with sugar catabolism, oxidative stress, and auxin signaling were markedly upregulated in roots by FR light at 4 d post-grafting. FR 0.3 (red/far-red ratio = 0.3) light significantly enhanced the expression of genes involved in hyperoxide scavenging ( CmAPX1 , CmPOD1 , CmCAT1 ), sugar transportation ( CmSWEET12 , CmBST2 , CmSCP1 ), and auxin response ( CmAUX28, CmIAA11 , CmSAUR20 ) compared with the control. Moreover, FR 0.3 light treatment notably decreased reactive oxygen species content and improved antioxidant enzyme activities in roots compared with the control. However, despite increased gene expression, peroxidase and catalase did not contribute substantially to reactive oxygen species scavenging at the protein activity level under FR 0.3 compared with other light qualities. In addition, sugar content and hexokinase activity responded differently to light quality: starch, sucrose, and hexokinase activity were significantly increased by FR 0.3 light at 4 d post-grafting, while glucose content in the FR 0.3 treatment was significantly higher than that in other treatments only at 8 d post-grafting. These results demonstrate that supplementary FR light significantly promotes rooting and growth of DRC grafted watermelon seedlings. Specifically, FR light can induce root regeneration in the rootstock, potentially by alleviating oxidative stress during grafting and providing a relatively stable plant environment through the synergistic effects of sugar metabolism, the antioxidant enzyme system, and auxin accumulation in the roots via the regulation of antioxidants, sugar metabolism, and auxin-related gene transcription. The findings from this study present a practical method to enhance the quality of grafted watermelon seedlings.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary far-red light promoted root development in the rootstock of DRC grafted watermelon seedlings compared with the dark control.
- Taxon
- watermelon
Citrullus lanatust0 - Organ / stage
- rootstocke2
- Treatment
- supplementary FR lighte2
- Outcome
- root developmente2
- Direction
- promotede2
- Comparator
- dark (CK)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“double-root-cutting grafted watermelon seedlings”
e1“supplementary far-red (FR) light was applied to DRC grafted watermelon seedlings to evaluate its impact on seedling growth and rooting, using dark (CK) as the control”
e2“supplementary FR light substantially promoted root development in the rootstock, reducing the time required for root regeneration and boosting root biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary far-red light reduced the time required for root regeneration in the rootstock of DRC grafted watermelon seedlings compared with the dark control.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Organ / stage
- rootstocke2
- Treatment
- supplementary FR lighte2
- Outcome
- time required for root regeneratione2
- Direction
- reducinge2
- Comparator
- dark (CK)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“double-root-cutting grafted watermelon seedlings”
e1“supplementary far-red (FR) light was applied to DRC grafted watermelon seedlings to evaluate its impact on seedling growth and rooting, using dark (CK) as the control”
e2“supplementary FR light substantially promoted root development in the rootstock, reducing the time required for root regeneration and boosting root biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary far-red light boosted root biomass of DRC grafted watermelon seedlings compared with the dark control.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Organ / stage
- rootstocke2
- Treatment
- supplementary FR lighte2
- Outcome
- root biomasse2
- Direction
- boostinge2
- Comparator
- dark (CK)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“double-root-cutting grafted watermelon seedlings”
e1“supplementary far-red (FR) light was applied to DRC grafted watermelon seedlings to evaluate its impact on seedling growth and rooting, using dark (CK) as the control”
e2“supplementary FR light substantially promoted root development in the rootstock, reducing the time required for root regeneration and boosting root biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptome profiling indicated that genes for sugar catabolism, oxidative stress and auxin signaling were markedly upregulated in roots by FR light at 4 d post-grafting.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Organ / stage
- rootse3
- Treatment
- FR lighte3
- Outcome
- genes associated with sugar catabolism, oxidative stress, and auxin signalinge3
- Direction
- markedly upregulatede3
- Qualifier
- 4 d post-graftinge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“double-root-cutting grafted watermelon seedlings”
e3“Transcriptome profiling indicated that genes associated with sugar catabolism, oxidative stress, and auxin signaling were markedly upregulated in roots by FR light at 4 d post-grafting”
Claim · model-written summary
FR 0.3 light significantly enhanced expression of genes involved in hyperoxide scavenging (CmAPX1, CmPOD1, CmCAT1) in roots compared with the control.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- FR 0.3 (red/far-red ratio = 0.3) lighte4
- Gene
- CmAPX1 , CmPOD1 , CmCAT1e4
- Outcome
- expression of genes involved in hyperoxide scavenginge4
- Direction
- significantly enhancede4
- Comparator
- the controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“double-root-cutting grafted watermelon seedlings”
e4“FR 0.3 (red/far-red ratio = 0.3) light significantly enhanced the expression of genes involved in hyperoxide scavenging ( CmAPX1 , CmPOD1 , CmCAT1 ), sugar transportation ( CmSWEET12 , CmBST2 , CmSCP1 ), and auxin response ( CmAUX28, CmIAA11 , CmSAUR20 ) compared with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
FR 0.3 light significantly enhanced expression of sugar transportation genes (CmSWEET12, CmBST2, CmSCP1) in roots compared with the control.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- FR 0.3 (red/far-red ratio = 0.3) lighte4
- Gene
- CmSWEET12 , CmBST2 , CmSCP1e4
- Outcome
- sugar transportatione4
- Direction
- significantly enhancede4
- Comparator
- the controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“double-root-cutting grafted watermelon seedlings”
e4“FR 0.3 (red/far-red ratio = 0.3) light significantly enhanced the expression of genes involved in hyperoxide scavenging ( CmAPX1 , CmPOD1 , CmCAT1 ), sugar transportation ( CmSWEET12 , CmBST2 , CmSCP1 ), and auxin response ( CmAUX28, CmIAA11 , CmSAUR20 ) compared with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
FR 0.3 light significantly enhanced expression of auxin response genes (CmAUX28, CmIAA11, CmSAUR20) in roots compared with the control.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- FR 0.3 (red/far-red ratio = 0.3) lighte4
- Gene
- CmAUX28, CmIAA11 , CmSAUR20e4
- Outcome
- auxin responsee4
- Direction
- significantly enhancede4
- Comparator
- the controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“double-root-cutting grafted watermelon seedlings”
e4“FR 0.3 (red/far-red ratio = 0.3) light significantly enhanced the expression of genes involved in hyperoxide scavenging ( CmAPX1 , CmPOD1 , CmCAT1 ), sugar transportation ( CmSWEET12 , CmBST2 , CmSCP1 ), and auxin response ( CmAUX28, CmIAA11 , CmSAUR20 ) compared with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
FR 0.3 light notably decreased reactive oxygen species content in roots compared with the control.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Organ / stage
- rootse5
- Treatment
- FR 0.3 light treatmente5
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species contente5
- Direction
- notably decreasede5
- Comparator
- the controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“double-root-cutting grafted watermelon seedlings”
e5“FR 0.3 light treatment notably decreased reactive oxygen species content and improved antioxidant enzyme activities in roots compared with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
FR 0.3 light improved antioxidant enzyme activities in roots compared with the control.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Organ / stage
- rootse5
- Treatment
- FR 0.3 light treatmente5
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Comparator
- the controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“double-root-cutting grafted watermelon seedlings”
e5“FR 0.3 light treatment notably decreased reactive oxygen species content and improved antioxidant enzyme activities in roots compared with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Peroxidase and catalase protein activity did not contribute substantially to reactive oxygen species scavenging under FR 0.3 light compared with other light qualities, despite increased gene expression.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- FR 0.3e6
- Gene
- peroxidase and catalasee6
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species scavenginge6
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede6
- Qualifier
- at the protein activity levele6
- Comparator
- other light qualitiese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“double-root-cutting grafted watermelon seedlings”
e6“However, despite increased gene expression, peroxidase and catalase did not contribute substantially to reactive oxygen species scavenging at the protein activity level under FR 0.3 compared with other light qualities”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch, sucrose and hexokinase activity were significantly increased by FR 0.3 light at 4 d post-grafting.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- FR 0.3 lighte7
- Outcome
- starch, sucrose, and hexokinase activitye7
- Direction
- significantly increasede7
- Qualifier
- 4 d post-graftinge7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“double-root-cutting grafted watermelon seedlings”
e7“starch, sucrose, and hexokinase activity were significantly increased by FR 0.3 light at 4 d post-grafting”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucose content under FR 0.3 treatment was significantly higher than in other treatments, but only at 8 d post-grafting.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- FR 0.3 treatmente0
- Outcome
- glucose contente0
- Direction
- significantly highere0
- Qualifier
- only at 8 d post-graftinge0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“double-root-cutting grafted watermelon seedlings”
e0“glucose content in the FR 0.3 treatment was significantly higher than that in other treatments only at 8 d post-grafting”
Claim · model-written summary
FR light may induce root regeneration in the rootstock, potentially by alleviating oxidative stress during grafting.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Organ / stage
- rootstocke0
- Treatment
- FR lighte0
- Outcome
- root regeneratione0
- Qualifier
- potentially by alleviating oxidative stress during graftinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“double-root-cutting grafted watermelon seedlings”
e0“FR light can induce root regeneration in the rootstock, potentially by alleviating oxidative stress during grafting and providing a relatively stable plant environment”
Claim · model-written summary
The findings present a practical method to enhance the quality of grafted watermelon seedlings.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Outcome
- quality of grafted watermelon seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“double-root-cutting grafted watermelon seedlings”
e0“The findings from this study present a practical method to enhance the quality of grafted watermelon seedlings”
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