Abstract
Biochar and pyroligneous acid have attracted significant academic interest as sustainable methods for soil restoration. However, their combined effects on maize growth in coastal soils remain largely unexplored. A 42-day pot experiment was conducted to assess the impact and underlying mechanisms of biochar, pyroligneous acid, and their combination on the growth of corn seedlings in coastal soil. When biochar was combined with 1 % pyroligneous acid, corn seedling biomass increased by 60 %, and total nitrogen uptake rose by 51.8 %, compared to the individual application of either substance. This synergistic improvement in soil physicochemical properties (e.g., cation exchange capacity, water holding capacity) and enhanced nutrient availability (e.g., N, P, K) induced by using biochar and pyroligneous acid in combination were linked to elevated corn seedling growth. Moreover, the combined use of biochar and pyroligneous acid demonstrated an improvement in microbial community (e.g., Blastocatellaceae , Vicinamibacteraceae , and Gemmatimonadaceae ) associated with corn seedling growth. These findings offer an environmentally sustainable approach to the efficient enhancement and high-value development of coastal soils. • Co-application 1 % PA and CS (1 %PCS) increased corn seedling growth in coastal soil. • 1 %PCS ameliorated properties and nutrient availability of coastal soil. • 1 %PCS enhanced the abundance of beneficial bacterium linked to C, N, P cycles. • Higher rate (5 %≥) of PA showed negative effect on corn seedling growth.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar combined with 1% pyroligneous acid increased corn biomass by 60% compared with either substance alone.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- biochar was combined with 1 % pyroligneous acide0
- Outcome
- corn seedling biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 60 %e0
- Comparator
- individual application of either substancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When biochar was combined with 1 % pyroligneous acid, corn seedling biomass increased by 60 %, and total nitrogen uptake rose by 51.8 %, compared to the individual application of either substance.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar combined with 1% pyroligneous acid increased corn nitrogen uptake by 51.8% compared with either substance alone.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- biochar was combined with 1 % pyroligneous acide0
- Outcome
- total nitrogen uptakee0
- Direction
- rosee0
- Value
- 51.8 %e0
- Comparator
- individual application of either substancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When biochar was combined with 1 % pyroligneous acid, corn seedling biomass increased by 60 %, and total nitrogen uptake rose by 51.8 %, compared to the individual application of either substance.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and pyroligneous acid improved soil cation exchange and water holding capacities.
- Treatment
- biochar and pyroligneous acid in combinatione0
- Outcome
- cation exchange capacity, water holding capacitye0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“This synergistic improvement in soil physicochemical properties (e.g., cation exchange capacity, water holding capacity) and enhanced nutrient availability (e.g., N, P, K) induced by using biochar and pyroligneous acid in combination were linked to elevated corn seedling growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and pyroligneous acid enhanced soil N, P, and K availability.
- Treatment
- biochar and pyroligneous acid in combinatione0
- Outcome
- nutrient availabilitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- N, P, Ke0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“This synergistic improvement in soil physicochemical properties (e.g., cation exchange capacity, water holding capacity) and enhanced nutrient availability (e.g., N, P, K) induced by using biochar and pyroligneous acid in combination were linked to elevated corn seedling growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Improved soil properties and nutrient availability were linked to elevated corn growth.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- biochar and pyroligneous acid in combinatione0
- Outcome
- corn seedling growthe0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Qualifier
- improvement in soil physicochemical propertiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This synergistic improvement in soil physicochemical properties (e.g., cation exchange capacity, water holding capacity) and enhanced nutrient availability (e.g., N, P, K) induced by using biochar and pyroligneous acid in combination were linked to elevated corn seedling growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined biochar and pyroligneous acid improved the microbial community associated with corn growth.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- combined use of biochar and pyroligneous acide0
- Interactor
- BlastocatellaceaeBlastocatellaceaee0other
- Second interactor
- VicinamibacteraceaeVicinamibacteraceaee0other
- Outcome
- microbial communitye0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Qualifier
- Gemmatimonadaceaee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, the combined use of biochar and pyroligneous acid demonstrated an improvement in microbial community (e.g., Blastocatellaceae , Vicinamibacteraceae , and Gemmatimonadaceae ) associated with corn seedling growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application enhanced the abundance of beneficial bacteria linked to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- 1 %PCSe0
- Interactor
- beneficial bacteriume0other
- Outcome
- abundance of beneficial bacteriume0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- linked to C, N, P cyclese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1 %PCS enhanced the abundance of beneficial bacterium linked to C, N, P cycles.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher pyroligneous acid rates of at least 5% negatively affected corn seedling growth.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Higher rate (5 %≥) of PAe0
- Outcome
- corn seedling growthe0
- Direction
- negative effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher rate (5 %≥) of PA showed negative effect on corn seedling growth.”
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